Acta Historica (Szeged)

A protestantizmus szellemének bírálata Philippe Buchez politikai és bölcseleti írásaiban

Balázs Péter — Tue, 12 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0100

Philippe Buchez is a rather contradictory figure of 19th century French political thinking. Heir of the famous Saint-Simonian school, he breaks with them, insisting on his catholic faith, hardly compatible with the “materialism” of his former comrades. In this study, I make an attempt to analyse Buchez’s very particular kind of progressive and leftwing spiritualism in the context of the Catholicism that caracterizes the first half of the 19th century in France, as well as to understand why he keeps finding fault with the various manifestations of the Reformed tradition of moral and political thinking.

Karomi vagy karlócai?

Erdei Iván Márk — Tue, 12 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0100

This year marks the 325th anniversary of the signing of the Peace of Sremski Karlovci (January 26, 1699). The peace was a fateful historical event, for it ended decades of continuous civil war in the Kingdom of Hungary, concluded the wars against the Turks begun in 1683, and finally confirmed the liberation of Hungary from Turkish slavery. In the Hungarian language, this peace treaty is traditionally called the Peace of Karlóca. Based on primary historical sources (medieval charters, 16th, 17th and 18th-century geographical maps, and descriptive statistics from the 19th century), I prove in the article that the correct name is Peace of Karom.

Gazdaság és autonómia a 14–15. századi Mekkában

Ferwagner Péter Ákos — Tue, 12 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0100

There are many uncertainties about the medieval history of Mecca, Islam’s holiest city. Our knowledge of certain periods and political events is incomplete, as is our knowledge of the composition of society. Fortunately, we now have more sources on the late medieval centuries to reconstruct the economic situation of the city and how the Sharifs, who held the reins of power, tried to preserve and extend their autonomy in the shadow of regional powers such as the Abbasid Caliphate, the Ayyubid Sultanate or the Mamluk Empire of Egypt. From the available data, we can conclude that Mecca was economically unviable on its own, constantly in need of external material aid and food supplies. The extent of its autonomy has constantly varied, but even in the most difficult times it has managed to retain at least some of its internal autonomy.

Házasság és szexuális kihágások a késő középkori London egyházmegyében

Gephárt Enikő — Tue, 12 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0100

By the end of the 15th century, the moral control in London, looking at the Middle Ages as a whole, reached its peak. Both the Church and the secular powers sought to control people’s moral lives; either to reduce the number of transgressions or to punish severly those who committed them. Indeed, by the second half of the 15th century, there was a decline in the number of marriage cases, especially those involving clandestine marriages, while the number of sexual transgressions, such as adultery, increased. This trend was reversed at the beginning of the 16th century, when the number of marriage-related cases increased, while those involving sexual transgressions decreased.

Ellenségből szövetségesek?

Hunyadi Zsolt — Tue, 12 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0100

The present paper investigates the attitude of the major military orders towards the Mongols in the Levant from 1260 to the 1310s. The major characteristics of a potential counter-Mamluk alliance between the Franks and the Mongols were studied partly as part of the crusading movement in general, and as part of the recovery of the Holy Land in particular. The role of the military orders is discussed as somewhat distinct feature since their interests did not always coincide with those of the Crusader states. On the basis of primary sources and trough a critical analysis of the relevant secondary literature, the study attempts to reconstruct and evaluate the attitude of the Hospitallers and the Templars in the period under query.

Patria Onogoria

Juhász Péter — Tue, 12 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0100

The article deals with the relationship between the Onogurs, Onogundurs and Bulgars. The Bulgars appear in the same places and times as the Ogur tribal confederations, but while the Latin-language Byzantine sources (Jordanes, Marcellinus) mention the name Bulgar, the Greek-language authors (Priskos, Prokopios, Malalas, Agathias, Theophylactos, Menander, Theophanes) write about the Onogurs, the Kutrigurs or the Utigurs. As I suggest, the Bulgarians of the Latin-language sources may have been the leaders of the various Ogur tribal confederations mentioned in the Greeklanguage sources. Byzantine authors in Latin came from the western regions (Illyricum, Thrace) which were victims of Bulgar raids. This explains their detailed information about the internal organization of their tribal alliances. From the 7th century, the sources almost exclusively use the name Onogundur, which is derived from the name Onogur with the suffix -dur. Perhaps it appeared in the realm of Kuvrat as the name of his overarching Ogur alliance. A variant of Onogur, the name Wangar, is known from Pannonia in the 9th century, and was later inherited by the Magyars who settled here.

A Hudson-öböl Társaság tevékenysége a Sziklás-hegységen túli területeken a 19. század első felében

Kökény Andrea — Tue, 12 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0100

The Hudson’s Bay Company was founded in England in 1670. It received a charter from Charles II and was granted a commercial monopoly in the territory of the drainage basin of the Hudson Bay. It established an extended system of fur trading posts that gradually spread as far as the Rocky Mountains and then to the Pacific Ocean. The most important aim of the paper is to examine the activity of the Hudson’s Bay Company beyond the Rocky Mountains focusing on the role of John McLoughlin, its Chief Factor in the Columbia District. The area encompassed more than 1.5 million square kilometers from the northern border of Mexican California to Alaska, and to Americans was known as Oregon Country. The Hudson’s Bay Company flourished in the Pacific Northwest in the 1820s and 1830s, but from the 1840s, hundreds of American settlers started to move to the region on the Oregon Trail and settled down in the fertile valley of the Willamette River. According to the Convention of 1818, Oregon Country was under the joint occupation of Great Britain and the United States, but at first the influence of the Hudson’s Bay Company was much bigger. The American immigrants, however, who received help from McLoughlin, gradually outgrew the trading stations of the Company and started to demand the extension of full American sovereignty over the territory. After heated debates tensions were resolved in the Oregon Treaty of 1846. It ended the joint occupation and set the boundary between Great Britain and the U. S. at the 49th parallel. John McLoughlin resigned from the Hudson’s Bay Company, founded a new town, Oregon City, and became an American citizen in 1849.

Megjegyzések a Vesta-szüzek kiváltságaihoz

Magdus Tamás — Tue, 12 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0100

The most important symbols of the Roman state were undoubtedly the Vestal Virgins. They embodied the continuity of the res publica for centuries. As the guardians of the eternal flame throughout Roman history, they managed to secure a very high social position. Their social and sacred role was recognised and exploited by Roman political life. The best example of this was Augustus, who regarded the ancient priestly order as an important pillar of his own system. Through them, the princeps sought to demonstrate that the Imperium Romanum could recover from a bloody civil war and uphold the ideal that had already endured for 700 years.

Előzetes jelentés Nyírmada-Vályogvető késő bronzkori településéről

Major Réka — Tue, 12 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0100

In this study, I would like to briefly introduce the settlement belonging to the Felsőszőcs culture excavated in Nyírmada-Vályogvető. In the 1990s, two short rescue excavations were carried out at the site, which was heavily disturbed by mining, and a total of 89 features were discovered. Two of the more interesting phenomena of the settlement, the pottery deposit and the human remain have already been published. Below, I would like to present a preliminary report on the excavations, the settlement and the features found, which, based on the finds, can be dated to the Late Bronze Age.

Pápák és prelátusok

Maléth Ágnes — Tue, 12 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0100

The reservation of ecclesiastical benefices, the relevant legislative changes and their practical application became an important tool in the period of the Avignon papacy to create papal authority inside the framework of local churches. The process affected the politically and financially more significant consistorial benefices first. The primary aim of the present study is to examine how the centralizing efforts of the Holy See affected the collation of consistorial benefices in the Kingdom of Hungary and how the ecclesiastical policy of the Hungarian kings influenced the papal decisions in the first half of the 14th century.

Hiteleshelyek, királyi emberek, ügyvédek Lőcse és Poprád városok birtokvitája a 15. század végén

Mikó Gábor — Tue, 12 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0100

The study shows how a major land dispute was settled in the late 15th century. A rare case file showing how the complainant prepared for a court hearing has been preserved in the Levoča town archives. The document is a draft of a lawyer’s petition, which was reviewed by the Spiš Chapter before submission. In the archives of Levoča, there is also a letter sent by the city council to its lawyer, asking for information about the negotiations. The texts of the two rare sources are in the Appendix.

Szeged város bűnfenyítő törvényszéki jegyzőkönyveinek zsidó vonatkozású bejegyzései, 1861–1871

Mislovics Erzsébet — Tue, 12 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0100

The study presents the experiences of exploring the Jewish-related documentary material of the Criminal Court records of Szeged City Archives, and focuses on the analysis of the available sources from the period between 1861 and 1871. Cases brought before the Criminal Court do not only contain judgments, the source material sheds light on the economic and social relationships of the members of the Jewish community.

Kiegészítések az Anjou-kori Oklevéltár XLVI. és XLVII. köteteihez (1362, 1363)

Piti Ferenc — Tue, 12 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0100

The author of this article published his books mentioned in the title 7 years ago in which there are almost 1300 excerpts of charters illustrating the Hungarian Angevin era (1301–1387) from the years 1362 and 1363. This study contains some extracts which were unpublished, due to different causes, in the above-titled books, completing this way those ones.

A Hajdú-Bihar Vármegyei Levéltár török iratai

Pokorni Mihály — Tue, 12 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0100

In this paper, I analyse the processing of two Ottoman-Turkish documents from 1589, preserved in the Hajdú-Bihar County Archive and issued by the Pasha of Buda. These documents pertain to the case of tax-collecting Serbian bishops in Debrecen. I investigate why Orthodox Serbian bishops attempted to collect taxes in the Protestant Hungarian market town of Debrecen. To address this question, I examine the structure of the Serbian Orthodox Church in Hungary and the nature of the taxes sought by the bishops from the inhabitants. Additionally, this work aims to explore problems associated with previous translations of the documents and provide new suggestions for them.

Kelet-Európa nomád népei a Régmúlt idők elbeszélésében II. Besenyők

Polgár Szabolcs — Tue, 12 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0100

The Russian Primary Chronicle has plenty of reports on the Pechenegs between the years 915 and 1116. There are two different classings concerning the genealogy of the Pechenegs: in the introductory part of the chronicle they belong to the peoples of the Eastern European steppe, but at the end of the chronicle they are descendants of (biblical) Ismaels, that is they are Muslims, together with the Polovtsians (Cumans), Torks (Oghuzes) and Torkmans (Saljuqs). This is a negative valuation. The difference fairly demonstrates the double view of the chroniclers around 1116: the first genealogy belongs to the past, to the history of the Pechenegs, the second belongs to the “present”, to the enemies of the Rus’ (at this time the rest of the Pechenegs were under Cuman rule). The mentions of the Pechenegs in the reign of the prince Sviatoslav usually are in connection with the Rus’– Byzantine relationship. In this reports the Pechenegs are non-essential participants of the history of the Rus’. In generally, this reports reflect peaceful Rus’–Pecheneg relationship. The situation changed under the reign of prince Vladimir. The Pechenegs became enemies of the Rus’. The case of the turn is unclear (the development and prosperity of Kiev or the internal struggle in the Rus’). There are a few reports on the fight against the Pechenegs. These events preserved in the memory (first of all in the memory of the escort/druzhina and the family of the Kievan princes, e. g. the building of the so-called ‘Serpent ramparts’ in the Kiev region, the battle near Vasiliev). The chroniclers connected the oral tradition with folk tale motifs (foundation of Pereiaslav, siege of Belgorod). The main message of the chronicle is clear: the (pagan) Pechenegs were defeated and the (Christian) Rus’ survived them.

Egy La Tène bronz övlánc a Kiskun Múzeum gyűjteményéből

Soós Roland — Tue, 12 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0100

The Late Iron Age enamel bronze belt chain found in the area of Kiskunfélegyháza-Közelszőlő and deposited in the collection of the Kiskun Museum between 1906 and 1912 belongs to the Hungarian type of belt chains. Like many other belt chains of the period, this one was probably made to individual requirements, so there is no exact parallel, only some parts of it show closer parallels, such as the lyre-shaped decorative motif, the S-shaped part in the pendant and the dot-circle decorations. An exact dating is not possible, and the piece can only be dated to the 3rd to 2nd centuries BC. Its significance is emphasised by the fact that only a few Late Iron Age finds, mainly of pottery, are known from the collection of the Kiskun Museum, and this piece is certainly outstanding among them.

A „titkos levelezés” szerepe a 17. századi Habsburg–oszmán diplomáciában

Szabados János — Tue, 12 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0100

For the Habsburg Monarchy it was very important to collect and evaluate up-to-date information on the Ottoman Empire. It became necessary in the 1620s to organize, alongside couriers and other channels of correspondence, a cost-effective and sustainable system with which to transmit news and, in part, intelligence. In this essay, I present the “institution” known as the “Secret Correspondence” and the history of the organization and reorganizations of the system. I also establish a typology of the people involved in the correspondence. In the first half of the seventeenth century the “Secret Correspondence” had to be reorganized several times.

Az Actio Catholica leválása a keresztény-konzervatív kurzusról Szegeden

Vágfalvi Zoltán Csaba — Tue, 12 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0100

The Actio Catholica (AC) of the diocese of Csanád was involved in a multi-factorial conflict in 1943–1944. Its opponents were also Catholics. The incident caused enormous confusion in the national Catholic public opinion. Meanwhile, the internal political developments were becoming unacceptable, even for some of the Catholic high officials, who had always been loyal to the Horthy regime. We can also see how the relentless Catholics of the 1910s and 1920s were overshadowed by the new interest group, which sought to exploit the power of the Catholic community. The so-called “course Christians” and the “conjuncture- Christians” have come forward.

A „kelet-európai harmincéves háború” a perejaszlavi szerződéstől az andruszovói egyezményig (1654–1667)

Varga Beáta — Tue, 12 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0100

In 1654, the so-called “Eastern European Thirty Years’ War” broke out between Russia and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (Rzeczpospolita) for the possession of Ukraine (1654–1686), which marked the beginning of Russia’s successful western expansion. The tsarist government justified Russian great power aspirations (“collecting Russian lands”) with the “Moscow, the Third Rome” theory, which left its mark on Russian foreign policy as well. The Truce of Andrusovo in 1667 was a turning point in the power relations of 17th century Eastern Europe, Russia began to establish its position as a great power. Finally, on May 6 1686, the Russo–Polish “Eternal Peace” was signed in Moscow, confirming the provisions of 1667 and ending the “Eastern European Thirty Years’ War”.

Határ menti mindennapok Felsőszölnöktől Murakeresztúrig (1948–1953)

Vukman Péter — Tue, 12 Nov 2024 00:00:00 +0100

The escalation of the Soviet–Yugoslav conflict and the tense Hungarian–Yugoslav relationship had a fundamental impact on the lives of those living near the Hungarian–Yugoslav border. The aim of this study is to examine how the conflict affected the daily lives of those living near the border, examining the area from today’s Slovenian–Austrian–Hungarian border triangle to the confluence of the Drava and Mura rivers. The article sheds light on the various forms of border incidents, it shows how the conflict made the daily lives of those living near the border difficult, and it briefly illustrates the spying activities. The conclusions are primarily based on the papers of the National Border Guard Command kept in the National Archives of Hungary.