General Overview of the 13th Century’s European Political Structure until the Mongol Invasion

Absztrakt

This work examines the political situation of Europe in the thirteenth century. The political struggle between the Papacy, the Holy Roman Empire, the Hungarian Kingdom, the Kingdom of Bohemia, and the Polish Kingdom at the beginning of the thirteenth century, until the Mongol Invasion of Europe. The primary reason for investigating these states is that they played a vital role in European history, particularly during the Mongol Invasion of Europe. The Hungarian, Bohemian, and Polish Kingdoms were mainly affected by the invaders from economic and political perspectives. Meanwhile, the article will try to show the milestones of the Fifth Crusade as preparation and aftermath to explain how it affected the relationship between the Papacy and the Holy Roman Empire. It also tries to clarify why this power struggle became an essential factor for the future of Europe during the Mongol Invasion.