Közép-Európai Közlemények

Gondolatok Máthé Áron „Farkas esz meg, medve esz meg”: a totalitárius szinergiák című tanulmányával kapcsolatban

2025-07-25T14:53:12+02:00

This article responds to Áron Máthé’s study entitled “The wolf eats, the bear eats: totalitarian synergies.” The article examines the usefulness of the concept of totalitarian synergies and the room for maneuver and opportunities available to small countries in the region between the Third Reich and the Soviet Union, highlighting some of the peculiarities of Hungarian–Soviet relations at that time and Soviet ambitions in relation to Central and Eastern Europe.

A bolsevizmus két arca

2025-07-30T07:27:25+02:00

This study aims to demonstrate that the major totalitarian ideologies of the twentieth century—communism and national socialism—should not be viewed as entirely distinct political formations, but rather as systems sharing common roots, structural logic, and functional similarities. The central thesis of the study is that the Hungarian Arrow Cross movement not only self-identified as a “workers’ party,” but also exhibited numerous ideological overlaps with Marxist revolutionary thought. The study places particular emphasis on the political and rhetorical tools that enabled both ideologies to evolve into mass movements, including leader-centered authority, enemy construction, aspirations for total social transformation, and the escalation of political violence. The paper analyzes the role of the communist interpretation of “fascism,” focusing especially on the framework established by the 13th Plenum of the Comintern and Georgi Dimitrov’s popular front strategy. This interpretive model served not only to broaden the communists’ political maneuverability, but also to legitimize Soviet ideological expansion. Drawing on the canonical theories of totalitarianism the study investigates the theoretical and practical parallels between the two ideological systems. Within the context of Hungarian memory politics, the study highlights how the overlapping features of the arrow cross and the communist regimes were deliberately concealed, particularly during the post-1945 Sovietization of public discourse. The conclusion asserts that national socialism and communism are not merely historical adversaries, but mutually reinforcing, interrelated systems shaped by the same totalitarian logic. Both represent divergent yet interconnected manifestations of revolutionary radicalism within modern mass politics, and their comparative analysis is essential for understanding the ideological architecture of twentiethcentury authoritarian regimes.

Hány zsidó tiszt vett részt a Mars téri laktanya elfoglalásában?

2025-07-28T09:44:53+02:00

On 7 May 1919, the Mars Square barracks were occupied by the counterrevolutionaries. In the years that followed, a debate erupted: how many Jewish officers were involved? The real question was whether the Jews could actually be identified with the Hungarian Soviet Republic, or whether in fact the Israelites had taken their part in the counter-revolution in the same way as their Christian fellow citizens. On the basis of the available sources, I will try to determine which side was right.

A Római Magyar Akadémia

2025-07-28T18:15:38+02:00

The paper examines the statistical data and the circumstances of the first scholars of the Hungarian Academy – Collegium Hungaricum – in Rome, Italy. The institution was established in 1927 and it received the first scholars in 1928/1929. The research focuses on the period between 1928 and 1941, when 121 scholars – researchers and artists – got the support of the Hungarian State to get a chance to enlarge their knowledge and experience in Italy. The main aim of the scholarship was to educate in abroad those talented Hungarians who would be able to profit their experience for the benefit of their homeland in the future.

„Hagyományos, önkéntes és kényszerkisebbségek.”

2025-07-28T09:53:16+02:00

The decade following the Treaty of Trianon witnessed a hardening of Hungarian nationality policy. As a result, populations that had come under the jurisdiction of successor states – including the ethnic German minority – openly expressed that they had no intention of returning to Hungary as long as they enjoyed more favorable conditions in their new homes within the Little Entente states. Hungary’s appeal was not enhanced by the reasoning put forward by the scholar-politician Pál Teleki who publicly elaborated his views on the minority question. Teleki categorized national minorities into three types (traditional, voluntary, and forced minorities) and accordingly envisioned differentiated approaches to their treatment and to the international minority protection they should be entitled to. His theory was sharply criticized by contemporaries who felt that the criteria he proposed were biased and served exclusively Hungarian national interests. Even leading figures of the ethnic German minority in Hungary – such as Gustav Gratz and Jakob Bleyer – voiced strong opposition to Teleki’s framework, despite their patriotic loyalty to Hungary.

A képviselők mentelmi jogának felfüggesztése a két világháború között

2025-07-25T15:17:09+02:00

Between the two world wars, the immunity of parliamentarians was suspended relatively often, but rarely with serious consequences. They were usually sentenced to stoning in the House of Representatives, to a written reprimand or to exclusion from meetings. When they have been brought before the courts, they have usually been fined or acquitted. Until 1935, political immunity was mainly used against Social Democratic MPs, then against far-right MPs, and from 1939 mainly against Arrow Cross MPs, with the possibility of imprisonment or loss of mandate.

Kamarák és birodalom

2025-07-28T19:09:29+02:00

This study explores the establishment and function of chambers of commerce and industry in the Habsburg Empire following the 1848 revolutions, within the framework of „New Imperial History.” It argues that these institutions were not merely economic tools but strategic instruments of imperial integration, bureaucratic modernization, and identity formation. The chambers served as intermediaries between the imperial center and regional elites, facilitating both administrative control and local negotiation. In Hungary, they became arenas for both imperial loyalty and national differentiation, reflecting hybrid identities and contested loyalties. The paper highlights how these institutions contributed to the creation of a modern, centralized state while also enabling local actors to shape imperial policies. By analyzing the chambers as sites of negotiation, knowledge production, and elite formation, the study offers new insights into the governance and modernization strategies of the neoabsolutist Habsburg regime.

Néhány aspektus a horvát – magyar kiegyezést követő időszak etnikai és nyelvhasználati feszültségeihez

2025-07-26T17:58:17+02:00

One of the biggest changes in the relations between the neighbouring Hungarian peoples was their national awakening in the 19th century, which culminated in the early 20th century in the Kingdom of Hungary. One of the important modern events in the creation of the Croatian nation-state was the 1868 Croatian-Hungarian reconciliation (Nagodba), which, despite its many controversial results, sought to satisfy the demand for autonomy of one nationality, ahead of the uniformist, multi-national empires of Europe. The aim of this paper is to illustrate the Croatian- Hungarian relations of the period by presenting some of the national, linguistic and cultural conflicts of the period. Through an insight into the conflicts and fears, a nuanced picture of the roots of the tensions of the time is obtained.

Adalékok az 1897-i kiváltságlevél hátteréhez

2025-07-25T15:03:28+02:00

The University of Kolozsvar was established (May 29, 1872) before the law on it was promulgated. The laws established the fact of foundations and its temporary arrangements, as well as covering the costs of launch. Education began, teachers and students set to work, but the permanent status of the university had not yet been declared, its temporal status remained. Even the Minister of Culture was unsure whether the university would receive the permanent status at all, given the dire financial situation in the state budget. King József Ferenc, seeing the progress achieved, issued the deed of foundation in 1881 and permitted the institute to bear his name. When the university was preparing to celebrate the 25th anniversary of its foundation, the deed of foundation turned out to have disappeared from the official files. Therefore, Minister of Culture Gyula Wlassics put forward a proposal to the king. He requested that he issued a new deed of foundation in the form of a letter of royal privilege with a hanging seal. In his decree dated November 1, 1897, József Ferencz agreed to fulfill the request.

Kísérlet az állam- és nemzetépítés néhány kulcsmomentumának újra értelmezésére a Gulyás–Hroch-modellből kiindulva

2025-08-26T21:46:28+02:00

In the history of the Southern Land, László Gulyás (drawing on the work of Miroslav Hroch) has established a multidimensional perspective in his analysis of the peculiarities of the emergence and transformation of nation-states.1 Here, starting from the Gulyás-Hroch model, and supplementing it with a few additional elements, we seek to reinterpret the key moments of state and nation-building, taking into account the changes that have taken place in the so-called form-historical dimension of social organisation.

Egy zászlóaljparancsnok feljegyzései az erdélyi harcokról, 1944

2025-07-25T14:33:23+02:00

There are hardly any archival sources or specialised literature available on the establishment and active service of the Royal Hungarian supplementary field units in World War II. In the course of his research, the author attempted to use all the sources that could be found. He surveyed the personal material of the officers, the recommendations for decorations from 1944-1945 and the memoirs in the Military History Archives’ Collection of Essays. Moreover, he contacted several officers that saw service in the 2nd Supplementary Field Division between August 1944 and April 1945. Their diaries (for example memoires of First Lieutenant János Szádvári, who was company-, then battalion commander of the 3rd Supplementary Field Infantry Regiment), biographic recollections and letters also proved to be useful. The author tries to outline the active service of the division with the help of these source materials. When the Soviet troops reached the Carpathians, the Hungarian supreme command was forced to mobilise its reserve divisions. On 17 August1944, the Supplementary Army Headquarters were instituted to organise the supplementary units into divisions. In the majority of the cases, the supplementary units were set up of senior soldiers from the reserve and the secondary reserve, equipped with outdated infantry weapons and ammunitions. A supplementary field division generally comprised, 3 supplementary field infantry regiments that were small in number, 1 supplementary field horse artillery battalion and possibly some improvised subunits. They were mobilised on 24 August 1944. The supplementary units trooped out to the theatre of operations in the last days of August 1944, and were subordinated to the Royal Hungarian 2nd Army that was fighting in Transylvania and to the Royal Hungarian 3rd Army that was advancing in the southeast of the Great Plains. The following units belonged to the 2nd Supplementary Field Division: the 3rd Supplementary Field Infantry Regiment (Székesfehérvár), the 16th Supplementary Field Infantry Regiment (Győr), the 22nd Supplementary Field Infantry Regiment (Komárom), the 2nd Supplementary Field Artillery Division (Székesfehérvár, Győr, Komárom), the 2nd Supplementary Signal Battalion (Komárom) and the 6th Supplementary Reconnaissance Division (Érsekújvár). Amid the outstandingly severe rearguard fighting, the remains of several units were merged in the division, the casualties and war losses of which were increasing continuously. From the beginning of September 1944, the division took part in the fighting in Transylvania, near Gyergyószentmiklós and Csíkszereda (Szeklerland), in the Csíki Basin, in the Görgényi Alps, and then, having been forced westwards gradually, on their way to Szászrégen and Szatmárnémeti they fought near Nyíregyháza, in the course of the tank battle of Debrecen. While the other supplementary field divisions were destroyed, the 2nd Supplementary Field Division fought in Hungary until January 1945.

A gazdaságfejlesztés egy lehetséges útja

2025-07-26T20:53:18+02:00

In this study we examined Hungary’s Southern Transdanubia region’s largest city’s economic development. For centuries, Pécs had been the region’s industrial and commercial centre. However, WWI and the subsequent thirty-three month long Serbian occupation set back the city’s development. From the end of 1921 trade and distribution regained its importance once again. One potential for that was the organisation of trade exhibitions and fairs. The six, later twelve national fairs per year yielded increasing turnovers – except for the period of the Great Depression (1929-33). Trade exhibitions covered all industries: at first, the agricultural and horticultural expos, and later the industrial ones grew in numbers. The biggest trade exhibitions were held in the second part of the 1930s, when not only local and regional, but distant and even nationally significant companies brought their products to demonstrate and sell. The trade exhibitions were mostly paired with purchasing opportunities; meanwhile, they generated huge attention. In this study we present that these trade exhibitions greatly contributed to the fact that Pécs quickly became a developing city again prior to WWII.

A Cseh-Morva Protektorátus a második világháború idején

2025-07-28T13:07:46+02:00

Austria’s annexation on March 12, 1938, and the dismemberment of Czechoslovakia in Spring 1939 was meant a turning point in the German expansion policy. Hitler’s long-term objective was to create the Lebensraum and adjust the Czechoslovak economy to the German military production. The National socialist leadership acquired control over the gold and foreign exchange reserves of the National Bank of Czechoslovakia, which amounted to USD 100 million. In economic terms, the majority of military equipment and weapons meant substantial gains because their total value seems to have been about 2 billion Reichsmark (USD 800 million). In parallel with the appearance of German large enterprises and financial institutions, the confiscation of Czechoslovak private property had already been started by the authorities. By signing “Treuhand” agreements, the leading Czech companies were indefinitely taken over by German business groups (Konzern). The Hermann Göring Werke became dominant in the Czechoslovak economy, which gained control over 80 Czech large enterprises with 150 000 industrial workers. With the dismemberment of Czechoslovakia, Hitler and the Nazi leadership succeeded in building up the concept of “Grossraumwirtschaft”. The aim of my study is to analyse the economic development of the Protectorate of Bohemia-Moravia over the period 1939 to 1945. During World War II, the industrially developed Czech and Moravian territories played a pivotal role for German war economy. Based on calculations, they accounted for 10 per cent of the wartime industrial production of the Third Reich. Due to length constraints, the essay won’t focus on evaluating the economic performance of all countries in Central and Eastern Europe.

A 2008–2012 közötti magyar gazdasági válság a közgazdasági válságnarratívák tükrében

2025-07-29T16:01:15+02:00

This study aims to examine the main characteristics of the emergence and unfolding of the Hungarian economic crisis between 2008 and 2012, using the frameworks of three major economic crisis theories: Keynesian theory, Monetarism (Milton Friedman), and the Financial Instability Hypothesis (Hyman Minsky). These theoretical approaches interpret the causes of economic disequilibrium and the internal dynamics of crises in different ways, thus offering diverse analytical perspectives for uncovering the deeper, structural layers of economic downturns. The analysis highlights that although the three theories follow distinct logics, their interpretations are not necessarily mutually exclusive. On the contrary – when viewed together, they complement each other and contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the complex nature of the crisis.

Haraszthy Ágoston hozzájárulása a kaliforniai szőlőtermesztéshez

2025-08-26T11:37:40+02:00

Ágoston Haraszthy (1812–1869), often celebrated as a pioneer of California viticulture, significantly shaped the state’s wine industry through his introduction of European grape varieties, innovative practices, and institutional advocacy. This paper examines Haraszthy’s life, his contributions to California’s wine industry, and the relevance of his strategies for addressing contemporary climate change challenges. By integrating historical analysis with revisionist scholarship and current scientific research, it highlights Haraszthy’s focus on varietal diversity, terroir-driven site selection, and collaborative networks. These elements offer a blueprint for resilience in a warming climate, emphasizing genetic diversity, strategic adaptation, and global collaboration to ensure the sustainability of California’s wine industry and inform viticultural regions worldwide.

Miért volt Churchill Párizsban 1919-ben?

2025-07-19T10:06:04+02:00

Churchill was not an official member of the British peace delegation in Paris, but he took part in the negotiations on several occasions as head of the Ministry of War Material Supply and later the Ministry of War and Air. In the Cabinet, Lloyd George’s views differed from Churchill’s, who had sought to support the Whites against the Bolsheviks in the Russian Civil War. The British had serious commercial and geopolitical interests in this, and therefore maintained contacts with the Tsarist military commanders, particularly with Denikin. Military missions were sent to Russia, military missions were set up, and substantial financial support was given to the anti-Bolshevik forces. International support could not be obtained in the Supreme Soviet on 15 February 1919, and the parties took opposing positions on the solution. In the end, the Prinkipo conference never materialised. The implementation of Blackwood’s directives, and then Holman’s military mission, became impossible because of the Bolshevik successes. The trade agreement with the British on 22 March 1921 was a recognition of Soviet power. Churchill’s secret war ended, and the nature of international intervention faded from the literature. The intervention itself was unsuccessful and is considered to have been Churchill’s own initiative.

A doktriner naivitás ára

2025-07-25T15:07:10+02:00

Mihály Károlyi and his bourgeois radical circle set as their goal a foreign policy vision that was logical in many respects under the circumstances of the time, but lacking realistic elements and ignoring eternal historical laws, and which they adhered to until March 1919, despite all events to the contrary. Fearing the loss of the Antant’s perceived goodwill, no use was made of possible covert, informal means (e.g. fomenting and supporting local resistance) which might have contributed to a more favourable peace situation. The prime minister’s foreign policy vision can be briefly described in terms of doctrinaire naivety.

Nem adjuk puskalövés nélkül

2025-07-19T11:53:30+02:00

The Paris Peace Conference awarded most of the Mura region (Muravidék – Prekmurje) to Hungary in May 1919. However, the decision was reversed following Belgrade’s diplomatic offensive. The Yugoslav army occupied the Mura region in August. Many in Hungary hoped that this was only a temporary situation. The occupiers crossed the border in several places and looted. In November 1919, the peace conference decided that the Yugoslavs had to evacuate Baranya. After this, the Hungarian military units in the Mura region crossed the demarcation line in some points without orders, on their own initiative to protest against the unjust territorial annexation. On November 29, Hungarian soldiers and armed civilians pushed from Rédics towards Alsólendva, but were eventually forced back by the overwhelming Yugoslav force. The losses on both sides were 8–10 dead and the same number wounded. In revenge, the Yugoslavs took civilian hostages, who were only released months later following orders from the peace conference. However, the border line did not change significantly later.

„Benárd képviselő úr vigyázzon, mert önt majd egyszer megkérdezik, hogy miért írta alá a trianoni szerződést”

2025-07-25T15:25:43+02:00

A sharp exchange of words broke out between Sándor Propper and István Farkas, a Social Democrat, and Ágost Benárd, a member of the governing party, during the session of the National Assembly on 28 April 1938. The dispute soon turned personal. The two Social Democrat MPs accused Ágost Benárd of having voluntarily signed the Trianon Peace Treaty. They also noted that they would not have signed it. Benárd denied the accusations. He asked for the floor and demanded that the charges be withdrawn, citing the attack on his person. He explained that the same accusation had been made against him in Veszprém in the spring of 1935. At the time, when his opponent Miklós Griger had made the same claim in public during the parliamentary election campaign. Benárd brought and won a libel suit against Griger. He presented the minutes of the Council of Ministers which proved that he had signed the agreement on behalf of the government and not voluntarily. Miklós Griger apologised. Benárd expected the same from his Social Democrat colleague, who did not do so.

Juliu Hossu: Nagy-Románia kihirdetőjéből a román kommunisták ellenségévé lett görögkatolikus pap

2025-08-17T17:47:33+02:00

When we mention Romanian communism, we often emphasise its national communist character. This concept, in simple terms, means that Romanian communist leaders, unlike Hungarian communists and in defiance of Marxist ideology, thought primarily in national terms. Despite the emergence of Bolshevik ideas, they defined themselves first and foremost as patriots, and only then were they communists. In our country it was quite different. The communists in Hungary rejected everything that was national, denied their Hungarian identity and wanted to become first and foremost ‘homo sovieticus’. At the same time, the example of the Greek Catholic pastor Iuliu Hossu shows that, national communism or not, if someone went against a decision of the Romanian communist state, however much merit he or she may have had in the creation of Greater Romania, he or she was cleared out of the way, tortured and persecuted mercilessly.

Két magyar nagygyűlés 1918 őszén

2025-08-26T11:21:46+02:00

In the fall of 1918, many different people’ assemblies, national assemblies, and various other assemblies took place on the territory of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. They declared indenpendence, secession or actually staying. In this study, we present a brief history of two (Marosvásárhely és Kolozsvár) such meetings.

A magyar felsőfokú oktatási intézmények szétzúzása a Felvidéken, 1919-1920

2025-08-26T11:49:31+02:00

Before 1918, several higher educations institutions (low academies, theological academies) operated in adition to the Elizabeth University territories that became part of the Czechoslovak Republic. In this study, we present the evolution of their fate after 1918.

Sporttudományi alapképzési szakok megújítása a magyar felsőoktatás reformjában

2025-06-08T00:48:20+02:00

The importance of Hungarian higher education is increasing internationally, and its training courses must be renewed in parallel. The development process aimed at the modernization of higher education was implemented by the Education Office, the Hungarian Higher Education Accreditation Committee and the Hungarian Rectors’ Conference (MRK) consortium (RRF-2.1.1-21 project). The MRK undertook the renewal of the training and outcome requirements (KKK) of the basic training courses. The MRK’s Sports Science Committee implemented the review of the three basic training courses in sports science (coaching, recreation and lifestyle, sports organization) and the development of their expected learning outcomes. The new, expected learning outcomes were developed according to the methodology of the MRK training working group. This included: a horizontal and vertical comparison of the competence sets of the current KKKs, the definition of the expected learning outcomes of the sports science training area, and also the core competencies defining the courses. Transversal competencies specific to the training level (EQF6, HuQF6, ISCED6, QF-EHEA-First Cycle) were incorporated, as well as ESCO competencies particular to the sports professional field reflecting labour market expectations. Based on the review of the training outcome requirements, it can be stated that the operation of the three sports science undergraduate programs (coach, recreation and lifestyle, and sports organization) appears to be well-founded in Hungarian higher education. However, there is also a need to establish a new „Sport Science” undergraduate program aligned with international trends and focusing on sports science analysis and development activities.

A települési-gazdálkodási tér sajátosságai a Marosszögben az integrált környezetátalakító munkálatok előtt

2025-07-25T14:47:56+02:00

Marosszög is an independent region in a socio-economic sense, the northwestern gate of the Temes Banat, whose characteristics and resources, the natural and human resources available to society – which change over time – and the utilization of all of them have been analysed, evaluated and summarized in this study by presenting the status quo before the start of the integrated environmental transformation. I was able to reconstruct past conditions and the specific features of contemporary conditions partly from 18th-19th century manuscript maps (e.g. the Josephine survey, the map sections of the second and third military surveys, etc.), partly from various archival sources (e.g. the documents of the Banat Urbarium settlement, the documents of the Landes Administration, etc.), from geographical descriptions, by analysing old manuscript and printed maps and statistical data. The differentiation of the Marosszög landscape use, which regenerated after the Peace of Pozsarevac (1718), is not only related to geofactors, but also to the culture and tradition of the Hungarian, Serbian, German, Romanian and other ethnic groups living in the landscape. Accordingly, the results of the cultural landscape-creating work that began with the population and economic takeover of the landscape can be evaluated as the joint creation and historical heritage of the peoples living together.

A magyar-szerb határmenti kisvárosok

2025-08-26T11:25:59+02:00

The study consists of two parts. In the first part, I present some charasteristic of small towns. In the second part, I examine the demography of three small towns (Bácsalmás, Mélykút, Tompa) located along the Hungarian-Serbian border.

„…igazán nincsen értelme az esperességnek.”

2025-07-25T15:21:45+02:00

In 1948–49, the increasingly powerful Rákosi dictatorship succeeded in shackling the Reformed Church: the „disobedient” bishops were forced to resign. Following this, the removal of deans and pastors who opposed the communist regime began. One of the victims of this purge was László Bakó, the deacon and pastor of Szeged. His „crime” was his insistence on exercising the remaining rights of the church. His removal was orchestrated by two individuals: László Óvári, the county senior officer of the State Office for Church Affairs, and János Péter, the bishop of Debrecen. László Bakó was not only forced to resign from his position as deacon, but also had to leave his pastoral post. He was exiled from Szeged and was not allowed to move back even before his death.

Szent-Györgyi Albert levelezései és beszélgetései szovjet tudósokkal

2025-08-26T11:40:45+02:00

Albert-Szent-Györgyi’ maintained extensive correspondence with many scientists around the World.
In this study, we present some details from Albert-Szent-Györgyi’s correspondence and conversations with Soviet scientists.

A breszt-litovszki békeszerződés és Németország keleti birodalma

2025-07-26T12:58:51+02:00

From the first battles of 1914 the German army had superiority over Russia throughout the war. In the spring of 1915 the Central Powers dealt a crippling blow to the Russian Empire, which had fallen in early 1917, not being capable to sustain the staggering losses of the war. The Provisional Government decided to continue the war which decision rendered it to suffer the same fate as the tsarist monarchy. In contrast, the Bolshevik leadership after the October Revolution wanted to leave the war completely, but it had to face the ever increasing demands of Germany. Finally in March 1918 the Central Powers and Soviet-Russia made peace but Russia had to give up huge territories which became Germany’s eastern empire until the end of the Great War. To exploit its success, Germany launched multiple military campaigns. The most notable were the occupation of Ukraine and the expeditions in Finland and the Caucasus.

A versailles-i békerendszer első átfogó revíziója

2025-07-26T12:25:05+02:00

In this short paper, I present my thoughts on the Treaty of Lausanne, which was concluded between the Entente and Turkey in 1923. I point out that this document was the first revision of the Versailles Peace System and provided much more favorable conditions for the Turks compared to the Treaty of Sèvres, which had been imposed on the Ottoman Empire in 1920.

Vázlat Eleftheriosz Venizelosz életrajzához

2025-08-26T11:23:44+02:00

Eleftheriosz Venizelosz is the most important Greek politician of the first half of the 20th century. He was Prime Minister of Greece seven times between 1919 and 1933, for 12 years. In this study, we briefly present his political career.

Miért fontos, hogy a vezetők ismerjék a szervezeti kultúrát?

2025-07-28T11:49:33+02:00

The decisions, actions, and interactions of managers and employees are shaped by organizational culture, which determines the meaning they attach to events and phenomena within and outside the organization. Thus, everything that happens in an organization is at least partly determined by the organizational culture. Organizational culture is therefore a significant factor in a company’s performance; it can be a „magic wand for success” or a „silent killer.” However, managers often only realize its significance and power when one of their initiatives runs aground or the organization does not respond to a given situation or challenge as they had expected. Even in such situations, managers sometimes fail to recognize that it was the organizational culture they had come up against. In my study, I examine from several perspectives why and how organizational culture can influence managers’ ideas and effectiveness, and why and how managers should take organizational culture into account in their decisions and activities.

A cári csapatok első betörése a Magyar Királyság területére, 1914. szeptember 24.

2025-08-26T11:29:08+02:00

During the First World War, the Russian invaded the territory of the Kingdom of Hungary for the first time on September 24, 1914. In this study, we present the military history and immediate antecedents of this event.

Az európai identitás és az Európai Unió

2025-07-18T13:20:41+02:00

European identity is not exclusive either as a collective or as an individual identity. It can be seen as an additive identity alongside other identities linked to gender, family, religion, local, regional, global or professional affiliation, or as part of an identity in itself, which then constitutes a complex identity. Traditionally, the problem of European identity has been discussed preferably from the perspective of European unity, which is a very understandable approach for historical reasons, but which can often lead to a dismissive result in the present context. We are living in area of globalisation and the networking of individuals, societies and states, which in fact means a process of catching up. This is accompanied by moments of instability, loss of loyalty, loss of continuity, loss of lasting unity. The goal of European unity is once again confronted with these realities.

A nemzetközi büntetőbíráskodás margójára

2025-08-14T23:52:52+02:00

The tradition of international criminal tribunals started with the Nuremberg and Tokyo tribunals after the second world was and it was returned with the establishment of International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY). As a result of the bloody wars in the territory of the former Yugoslavia in the 1990s, the Security Council of the United Nations in1993 decided to establish the ICTY as an ad hoc tribunal, I hypothesise that the procedures and judgments it developed have had a significant impact on international justice and the workings of the later international courts, including the International Criminal Court (ICC). The study of the ICTY is important not only from a legal point of view, but also from a social and political one, as its decisions have influenced the reconciliation processes in the successor states of the former Yugoslavia. However, the effectiveness and efficiency of the Tribunal has been the subject of much debate, and it is worth analysing its functioning. The paper is to highlight the features of the ICTY during its mandate from 1993 to 2017, and this examination of the ICTY provides an opportunity to understand the potential and limitations of international justice. For the realization of this research are used qualitative methods, based on the bibliography that is related with international criminal law.

SEXAGESIMUM NATALEM!

2025-09-10T14:12:42+02:00

TABULA GRATULATORIA

2025-09-10T14:15:51+02:00