Közép-Európai Közlemények

Izraelita katonák az Osztrák-Magyar Monarchia hadseregében, különös tekintettel az első világháború harcaira

József Leba — 2026-07-16

Throughout Europe for centuries, Jews were considered unfit for military service and spies. In the Austrian Empire for them, even entering the territory of the military fortifications was forbidden. They could not be accepted into the army. However, the world began to change, the equal rights of the Jews took place in the nineteenth century. At that time, they could already undertake professional military service and were also effected by military conscription. I present this process in my article. I deal separately with the difficulties of practicing the Jewish religion and the provision of Jewish ritual meals in the army. I also deal with Baron Samu Hazai, who became a Christian and ranked the highest military rank. He was the Minister of Defense of Hungary for years. Finally, I will briefly mention some of the monuments of the First World War, that can stll be seen in Hungary today.

Vezérfonal a szintézisíráshoz II/2. A demokratikus kísérlet elbukása 1944–1948.

László Gulyás — 2026-07-13

At the end of 1944, at the beginning of 1945, the Red Army conquered Hungary. By the summer of 1948, the Hungarian communist emerging from domestic illegality or returning from emigration is Moscow built up their dictatorship. All this happened on Stalin’s order, and with the help of the Soviet Union. In this study, we present a second stage of this process. The starting point of the section we are examining is February 4 of 1946, The Ferenc Nagy government assumed office. In while its end point is July 12 of 1948, when the two workers’ parties – MKP and SZDP – merged.

Trendek az atipikus munkavégzés területén

Zsuzsanna Gősi — 2026-07-16

The form of work constantly changing. What is considered typical and atypical wort varies from period to period. In Hungary, the most common atypical forms of employment currently are part-time work, telework, and self-employment. We examined the changes in these forms using document analysis over the past fifteen years. By European standards, the share of atypical work is very low, which may be a barrier labour flexibility. Over this period, part-time job employment has fluctuated slightly, but typically havered around five percent. In recent years is has tended to show a downward trend. Women are over represented in this form of work. The share of teleworkers increased slightly in the wake of the pandemic and has remained so. The share of self-employment has hardly changed over the las fifteen years. In both forms, the share of male workers is slightly higher. The recent period has been characterised by minimal change.

Az Egyesült Államok és az Európai Unió geoökonómiai küzdelmeinek hatása a magyar gazdaságra

Péter Glofák — 2026-07-08

The tariff war between the Trump administration and the European Union is likely to have severe effects on the economies of both blocs. As a Member State of the European Union and an extremely open economy, Hungary is likely to be heavily affected by a reduction in the trade volume between the two rival parties. Since the volume of the direct trade between Hungary and the Unites States is moderate, the direct effect of the transatlantic trade war on the Hungarian economy is not momentous. Nevertheless, the Hungarian economy is strongly linked to the German economy – through the machinery industry (e.g. automotive industry), – so the indirect effect (via Germay) of the trade war on the Hungarian economy is significant. In this article, we examine how the Hungarian trade volume and the growth of its economy have evolved and what effect world trade has on it. Using linear regression analysis, we found a strong relationship between world trade and changes in Hungarian foreign trade, as well as between Hungarian foreign trade and changes in the Hungarian GDP, especially if examined the period between 2010-2023. Our study concludes that a significant trade drop between the United States and the European Union would noticeably affect the Hungarian economic growth.

Az északi-tengeri olajkitermelés szerepe Skócia függetlenségi törekvéseiben

Antónia Szabó — 2026-07-08

The research aims to understand the Scottish National Party’s stand on relying on North Sea oil revenues as a major source of fiscal resources in formulating the economic policy of Scotland for independence. To answer this question, the research seeks to collect historical data on offshore oil production and future estimates. I approach the topic from an economic historical perspective. The paper examines the historical background of offshore oil production as part of the Scottish bid for independence, the macroeconomic environment, the impact of the oil industry on the Scottish economy, and the Scottish government’s economic policy for independence. Between 2022 and 2024, the SNP published a series of 13 studies entitled Building a New Scotland, which included proposals and presentations on topics such as democratic renewal, creating a modern constitution, the administration of justice, economic, social, cultural and educational issues, and EU matters, and presenting a blueprint for an independent Scotland. Of these articles, Paper 3: A stronger economy with independence and Paper 8: Our marine sector in an independent Scotland are presented and evaluated in this study. The study concludes that the improvement is due more to cyclical factors than to lasting structural reforms, and therefore diversified revenue sources and more disciplined spending policies will be needed in the longer term to ensure fiscal sustainability and stability.

Lokális Trianon

Zoltán Kaposi — 2026-07-08

The Treaty of Trianon in 1920 resulted that Hungary lost about 70% of its territory. The annexations affected also the Southern Transdanubian region very hard, which was aggravated by the Serbian occupation that lasted 33 months between 1918 and 1921. The Serbs systematically plundered the farms which they found in the region. We analyzed in this study that, following the annexation of 78% of the largest estate in South Transdanubia, the Bellye estate of 109 000 holds owned by Archduke Friedrich von Habsburg before 1918, what kind of possibilities the owner had to continue former modern large-scale farming within the Trianon border, and how he had to reorganize the management of the estate, which had been reduced to 24 000 holds. Our investigation reveals that they borrowed huge loans to renew technical equipment, to buy machinery, improve arable and livestock farming, forestry, game management and fishing. As a result of the reconstruction, by the end of the 1920s, the estate was once again a model farm. However, after the great depression, it became increasingly difficult to repay debts, and the estate was placed under sequestration at the end of 1936. Taking advantage of the new law on entails, 3 000 holds of the estate were sold. In 1941, after regaining Drava Corner, Duke Albrecht could take back his old property, but this was short-lived as by the end of 1944 Soviet troops had occupied the area.

Fenntartható turizmusfejlesztés a Balaton Régióban

Réka Nagy-Wilhelm — 2026-07-08

Sustainability plays an essential role in tourism development today, and Lake Balaton is not an exception. The high seasonality that has existed in the region for decades makes it all the more necessary to focus on economic, social and environmental sustainability. The aim of this study is to examine the integration of the tools proposed in the literature into the development plans of the Balaton region over the past decades, thus mitigating demand fluctuations and creating a sustainable tourism destination. After analysing the plans, I will turn to the changes on the demand side and by analysing the data, I will answer the question of how far these objectives have been achieved in practice and whether they have indeed been able to reduce seasonality at Lake Balaton.

A szállásadás bővülése Pécsett a világgazdasági válság évei után

Patrik Zsolt Varga — 2026-07-08

In my study, I present one of the most significant tourism investments of the 1930s in Pécs: the development of the Mecsek Resort Hotel. The Great Depression severely affected not only the economy of Hungary, but also Pécs. The recession caused a huge unemployment that led to serious issues in the society. To tackle the crisis, the city began to develop its transportation and utility infrastructure. Moreover, Pécs launched its conscious tourism development. The city council hoped that these interventions would help the town through the challenging times via the dynamically growing tourism. Alongside the city’s efforts there were numerous national campaigns as well, which led to a steady increase in Pécs’s number of visitors. The growth would have been unimaginable without the work of the Mecsek Association. The civil organisation has been working on the establishment of the active tourism’s infrastructure in the Mecsek Mountain since 1891. In the second half of the 1930s, one of the main directions of Pécs’s urban development was the Mecsek region. As part of the process, there was a growing demand for high-quality accommodation. Although the resort hotel (known as Hotel Kikelet) took shape slowly, it opened its doors by Christmas 1936. The hotel quickly became an integral part of the city. The fact that the Kikelet was fully booked on bank holidays quickly dispelled any doubts. The city council had big plans for the further development of the facility after its opening. Unfortunately, these ambitious expansions could not be realized due to the war and the nationalization that followed.

Egy dél-baranyai község fejlődése és hanyatlása (1867-1945)

Attila Tarnai — 2026-07-08

The study examines the development of the economic and social conditions of Vörösmart between 1867 and 1945, in the regional context of the Drávaszög. The settlement’s distinctive evolution was shaped simultaneously by its geographical features, water regulation and transport investments, the operation of local institutions, as well as political and historical turning points. The research is based on statistical data, cadastral maps, institutional records, contemporary press materials, and scholarly literature on the region’s history. The methodology combines cartographic-historical analysis, statistical processing, institutional history, and content analysis. The significance of the research lies in the fact that, through the example of Vörösmart, it traces the processes by which a borderland community at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries adapted to the natural environment, economic shocks, and political transformations. The study contributes to a better understanding of the regional economic history of the Drávaszög and highlights how a self-sufficient economic model ensured the survival of local society amid major historical changes.

A regionális és az országgyűlési választások tapasztalatai Spanyolországban

Endre Domonkos — 2026-07-08

On 28 May 2023, regional and local elections were held in Spain. As a result of the local elections in twelve autonomous communities, the structure of the party system changed substantially. Whereas the Popular Party (PP) won 31.5 per cent of the votes and became the largest political force in the Iberian country, the Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party suffered significant losses compared to 2019, winning barely three of the 12 regions, where the vote was held. Its main coalition partner, Unidas Podemos lost its key role in the formation of local governments in several autonomous communities, including Aragonia, the Balearic Islands and Valencia. The centrist, Ciudadanos, only obtained 300 000 votes and remained without any representation in the regional parliaments. Vox became the third largest party with 7,19 per cent of the votes, which played an important role in the coalition negotiations between the two main right-wing parties at the regional level. Due to the defeat of the left-wing coalition, the Prime Minister, Pedro Sanchez officially announced to held general elections on 23 July 2023. As a result of parliamentary elections, the right-wing Popular Party won 33 per cent of the votes (176 mandates), whereas the socialists trailed 121 seats in the 350-seat lower house, but none of them obtained the absolute majority of the votes cast (176 seats). The aim of the paper is to analyse the results of the local and parliamentary elections in Spain by taking into account the factors that determined the restructuration of the party system in the Iberian country. Besides the evaluation of regional elections, emphasis will be placed on the detailed analysis of the consequences of the general elections of 23 July 2023.

A Muravidék megszállása (1919 novembere) és Szomoróc „visszavívása” (1920-1922)

Lajos Olasz — 2026-07-08

On August 12, 1919, with the permission of the Paris Peace Conference, Yugoslav troops occupied the Prekmurje (Muravidék) region. They also occupied Szomoróc, which the great powers judged to Hungary. After the signing of the Trianon Peace Treaty, the Yugoslav authorities did not evacuate the village, but tried to integrate it into their own country. On August 1, 1920, Hungarian border guards from neighbouring Kerca and local inhabitants, led by Lieutenant József Rankay, tried to liberate Szomoróc with weapons. However, to avoid an international conflict, it was necessary to retreat. In the Boundary Demarcation Committee, the Hungarian representative managed to ensure that the village remained in Hungary. On February 8, 1922, the Yugoslavs finally withdrew. In memory of the uprising, on October 27, 2008, the Parliament signed into law that Szomoróc is the „bravest village”