Közép-Európai Közlemények

A horvát-magyar-szerb és a horvát-magyar-szlovén hármas határ politikai földrajzi összehasonlító vizsgálata, különös tekintettel a nemzetiségi szerkezet változására

Lóránt Bali — 2024-07-30

The aim of the study is to describe the political geography of the transformation. It will also devote space to the changes in the nationality structure caused by the transition. In the last hundred years, the border region under study has undergone a significant ethnic homogenisation, brought about by controlled assimilation processes. Their effects have multiplied significantly during the changes of state space. It is clear that there have been significant assimilation processes on both sides of the border. Not only the Hungarians who split into Croatia and Slovenia were affected, but also Croats and Slovenes in Hungary. In each case, a significant influencing factor is the rurality of the accommodation area, which has a more pronounced effect on the nationalities. The primacy of the national language has completely disappeared. In all the nationalities, there is a forced dominance of the official language

Helyi termék értékesítésének online kihívásai a Vajdaságban

Melinda Nagyné Molnár — 2024-07-30

Vajdaság is one of the most developed agricultural regions in Serbia. Agriculture has a long history in its territory, thanks to the region’s favorable conditions. In 2014, the so-called Agricultural and Rural Development Strategy was launched in the country, the aim of which is to adapt the agricultural and rural development practices of the EU. In the process, many reforms were implemented. This is also the case with support for short supply chains. According to the 2022 data register of the Vajdaság Agricultural Association, 325 local producers and local product makers are registered in the region. Our goal was to find out what criteria form the buyer side of the producer circle, what they buy, how they want to get information about the local product range. The questionnaire survey was also stimulated by the fact that VASZ (Vajdaság Agrarian Association) operating in Vajdaság, recognizing the connections between REL and local economic development, took an active role in initiating the creation of a new website that could help customers to get information about registered products, and their availability. The same interface would give the producers the opportunity to gain recognition and get to know each other. This is also of great importance because, in the long term, it can serve well to bring together those who offer local products3 and also to build a community identity across borders. In the long term, the collaboration can create shopping communities that are already well known in Hungary but do not yet exist in Serbia, which can help create a relationship between producers and consumers with marketing and communication tools, can help display the offer, and can even function as a sales channel maintainer (webshop, producer’s market and shop), which in turn can serve to improve the prospects of local producers/product makers living in Vajdaság4

Horvátország talpraállásának és az euró bevezetésének dilemmái

Edit Lőrinczné dr. Bencze — 2024-07-30

Compared to the other states joining the European Union in 2004, in Croatia the economic and political transformation process has been initiated rather late and all the structural changes have just been partially implemented. In the long run, however, the country’s economy was the best performing in the Western Balkans and Zagreb was able to fulfil the EU economic criterion to have a functioning market economy and the capacity to cope with competitive pressure and market forces within the Union. Despite these improvements the reforms came to a halt at an early stage in 2009 due to the economic crisis. Croatia has painfully recovered for more than six years from the crisis, largely due to the absence of anti-cyclical government measures. In 2015, the Croatian economy entered a period of slow but rather steady recovery. The increase in economic resilience was already visible during the COVID19 crisis, after which the Croatian economy strongly recovered, with GDP reaching prepandemic level already in 2021. Croatia no longer had macroeconomic imbalances due to progress in numerous indicators, from pay rises, employment growth to public debt reduction and a drop in unemployment, to which activities of the euro introduction strategy also contributed. While the process of Croatia’s EU accession took almost 8 years, it is increasingly likely that the process of adopting the euro from the moment of joining ERM2 to the full membership in the euro area will be reduced to the shortest possible period, likely 2,5 years. After fulfilling normative and numerical Maastricht criteria and gaining strong political support of European institutions, the euro will become the official Croatian currency on 1st of January 2023 resulting in an enlargement of the euro area to 20 countries.

Szigetköz területfejlesztése a lokális erőforrásokkal

Beatrix Faragó — 2024-07-30

The development or underdevelopment of an area partly depends on the utilization of the resources. Neglecting territorial competitiveness can lead to economic and social decline. The study focuses on Szigetköz, where one area development opportunity is the assessment of culture-based innovation capacity and the development of a local strategy. In doing so, they can create a competitive advantage by building on the specific resources of the settlements. The geographical features of Szigetköz are unique, but they have remained unused in terms of development. In addition to strategic analytical methods, the research method includes primary research, using questionnaires and in-depth interviews. The population of Szigetköz and cultural NGOs participated in the survey. The results show the strategic development directions that showed based on the survey deficiencies, but their resources are ready for utilization.

Historiográfia a szintézisíráshoz 3.

László Gulyás — 2024-07-30

The important task of national-conservative-civilian historiography nowadays is to create of synthesis of the history of the „short Hungarian 20th century. The presen study is one of the three steps in this work. It reviews Hungarian language literature dealing with the age of hungarian tragedies 19. March 1944 – 12. June 1948.

Vezérfonál a magyar tragédiák korának (1944 –1948) szintéziséhez 1

László Gulyás — 2024-07-30

During the age of Hungarian tragedies (March 19, 1944–June 14, 1948) seven tragedies befell the Hungarian state and Hungarian nation. One of these is the Czechoslovak-Hungarian population exchange. In our study, we review the history of this.

Konfliktusmenedzsment az elméletben és gyakorlatban Thomas Kilman modellje alapján

Mariann Benke — 2024-07-30

The paper aims to examine conflict management opportunities in teams with the conflict model of Thomas and Kilmann1. This examination is confirmative research about the model and the questionnaire which tries to test the validity of this methodology. The first important goal of the research is to simulate a conflict situation where the participants must solve the conflict, before the simulation the participants (mostly students) fill in a questionnaire. The study compares the results of the questionnaire with the real behavior and assumption of the participants during a special decisionmaking business game2. The number of participants was 286 who answered the modified conflict management questionnaire and take part in the conflict management simulation from 2018 until 2023. 50 participants participated only in the conflict management game in 2018 it was the first part of the research. There were 13 participants from the Hungarian division of a multinational company – who completed only the conflict management questionnaire – and the other participants were students from Hungary, the Check Republic, the United States, and other international students from different parts of the world. The most important result of the research is that the behavior of the participants could be different during a real conflict situation from the results of the questionnaire showed.

Borvendég Zsuzsanna: Raszkolnyikovtól Zsokéig

Csaba Kása — 2024-07-30

In: Zárug Péter Farkas (szerk.): Csurka István. Néhány tanulmány egy életpálya megértéséhez. L’Harmattan Kiadó – Salkaházi Sára Miskolc Program Alapítvány, Budapest, 2023.

A gyorshadtest hazahozatala a frontról, 1941 őszén

Lajos Olasz — 2024-07-30

In the war against the Soviet Union in 1941, the Carpathian Group and the Mobil Corps participated on the Hungarian side. After the initial battles, the Carpathian Group performed occupying tasks. The Mobil Corps fought on the front line all the way and reached the Donec River (2,200 kilometres from Budapest). In addition to the strong Soviet resistance, the long distances, the difficult terrain, the extreme weather, and the technical problems also caused great obstacles. The commander of the Carpathian Group, General Szombathelyi, urged the repatriation of the troops already in August. However, Chief of Staff General Werth and the German leadership insisted on the further participation of Hungarian forces. On September 6, Szombathelyi became the head of the Hungarian General Staff and negotiated the return of the Hungarian troops. However, the Germans only allowed the Carpathian Group and the Mobil Corps to return home, when in exchange new Hungarian occupying brigades arrived in Ukraine. The Mobil Corps could only return home at the beginning of December. During the fighting, the Mobil Corps lost most of its mechanized combat equipment.

A délvidéki svábok I. világháborút megelőző radikalizálódásának kérdéséhez.

László Orosz — 2024-07-30

The ethnic German movement in Hungary recognized early that a precondition of the battle against assimilation was the product of a determined youth intellectual stratum. The Vereinigung deutscher Hochschüler aus den Ländern der ungarischen Krone (Association of German Students from the Lands of the Hungarian Crown) was established at the University of Vienna, the main gravitational point of selfassertive German youths from Hungary, in 1899. The endeavors of the organization in support of the German body politic engendered a fierce national reaction in Hungary. In addition to press battles in public and on the surface, the association carried out wholly effective background and small-scale tasks hidden from the view of observers, especially in the German settlement blocks of Bácska, Bánát and Szerémség, which provided many members. This in itself afforded every segment of enlightenment and propaganda in terms of awakening national consciousness, as well as the cultural upkeep of German villages through books and public libraries, the organization of commemorations and celebrations of German individuals who instilled national pride, the issuance and dissemination of flyers and even the effectuation of legal aid and covert signature collection drives. These youths went on to make up the political leadership of the German communities in the successor states after 1918.

Közép-Európa államrendszerének és nemzeti viszonyainak alakulása az első világháború után

Csilla Dömők — 2024-07-30

The world war has profoundly transformed the Central European region, which is populated by small peoples and ethnic group. Although initially the Entente powers did not envisage a radical reorganisation of the region, it was still conceived of as a sphere of influence of Russia, Germany and the Habsburg monarchy. Yet, in the wake of the revolutionary and national independence movements of 1918-1919, this idea was abandoned. The collapse of the old state orders and the emergence of the new ones took place in an instant. The viktorius Entente powers became allies of the new states in the region, such as Poland, Yugoslavia, Romania, and Czehoslovakia. On the one hand, these countries were seen as a pledge for the consolidation of the region and, on the other, they had to form a protective barrier against Soviet Russia.

Boglár, Lelle vagy Boglárlelle

Réka Wilhelm — 2024-07-30

The aim of this study is to provide a comprehensive overview of the developments in Boglárlelle from 1978 to 1991, contextualised within the economic development of present-day Balatonboglár and Balatonlelle. It describes the economic changes of the towns over the centuries, the circumstances and the process of their union and separation. Last but not least, it briefly explores the developments that followed their independence in 1991, in an attempt to create a tourist industry that was adapted to the conditions of a modern market economy. In my research, I used literature, contemporary press materials, archival and museum sources, and statistics to learn about the major developments and economic changes of the period of nearly 13 years of Boglárlelle. As a result of the research, I put into context the 13-year common period of Balatonlelle and Balatonboglár and the developments of this period. I found that in 1978, the year of their union, Balatonboglár and Balatonlelle had different economic roles in the region apart from tourism, so the idea of their symbiotic development was well founded. However, while the aggregate figures for the common period (population growth, significant public utility development, etc.) showed progress, the figures for the individual areas of Lelle and Boglár show significant inequalities. The study has demonstrated the relevance of the concept of forced marriage as a characteristic of Boglárlelle, which is also confirmed by the new developments in the independent towns after the separation in 1991.

Pécs gazdasági változásai a világgazdasági válság idején (1929-1933)

Zoltán Kaposi — 2024-07-30

This study examines the changes of the economy of Pécs, the largest city in Southern Transdanubia. Pécs was a heavily industrialised city with a population of sixty thousand in 1930. There was a quick economic development in the second half of the 1920s. During this time manufacturing industry and small businesses grew, coal mining increased, trade grew and the number of intellectuals multiplied due to the relocation of the Pozsony University to Pécs. However, the depression broke these trends. The manufacturing industry focusing on mass production faced with narrowing markets, leading to layoffs. The decrease in real wages led to a drop in small scale production and retail sales. Merchandising firms once having high turnovers conducting business regionally went into administration. The famous wine trading opportunities of Pécs decreased because of overproduction. In this study we point out, that even in these difficult years there were encouraging signs. The leather factory acquired many other firms. There was a concentration among financial institutions; the Pécsi Takarékpénztár (Pécs Savings Bank) gained strong positions. The city also engaged in different activities: public employment was initiated, new investments were started and soup kitchens were opened. The charity work of wealthy citizens and some companies were significant too. Tourism strengthened too through cheap train tickets, promotion of cultural programmes and construction of tourist hotels.