Smart Stadiums – How the Digital Ecosystem is Reforming the Operation of Sports Infrastructure and the Model of Sports Services
Main Article Content
Abstract
Stadiums fundamentally influence the attractiveness of a sporting event, as the facility and the related additional services contribute significantly to increasing consumer interest, so their development and operation directly and indirectly contribute to increasing the scene's determining sources of income. Today's stadiums are facing increasing competition due to the development of home viewing options, which provide a better alternative for the crowd found at the scene. The highly digitizing world offers a range of technological solutions that can provide a competitive advantage in the fierce competition for consumer interest by augmenting various aspects of stadiums. The latest phenomenon of the last few years is the smart stadium, with smart devices integrated into the operation and digitization and cloud based systems, resulting in a renewal of measurement to such an extent that it fundamentally changes the management of sports services and affects every aspect of the stadium itself and the space surrounding it, thus improving consumer experiences and efficient facility management as well.
Downloads
Article Details
References
András K. (2003): Üzleti elemek a sportban. BKÁE. PhD értekezés, Budapest.
Avornicului, M., Seer, L., Benedek, B. (2016): Identitás a XXI. század információs társadalmában, az internet hatásai. Logisztika-Informatika-Menedzsment, 2016 (1): 70–74.
Baade, R. A. (1996): Professional sport as catalyst for metropolitan economic development. Journal of Urban Affairs, 18 (1): 1–17 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9906.1996.tb00361.x
Bács Z., Kozma G. (2018): Sportlétesítmények a köz szolgálatában: a multifunkcionális stadionok. Magyar Sporttudományi Szemle, 19 (74): 27–33.
Bácsné, Bába É., Pfau, C., Dajnoki, K., Müller, A. (2018): Examining the quality parameters of sports services In: Jaromír, Š., Dobay, B. (szerk.): Sport science in motion : proceedings from the scientific conference. Komárno, Szlovákia : Univerzita J. Selyeho.
Bailas, C., Marsden, M., Zhang, D., O'Connor, N. E., Little, S. (2018): Performance of video processing at the edge for crowd-monitoring applications. In: 2018 IEEE 4th World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT). IEEE. 482–487. https://doi.org/10.1109/WF-IoT.2018.8355170
Bajnai P., Fenyves V. (2021): A controlling szerepének és eszköztárának átalakulása a digitalizáció hatására. Controller Info, 9 (4): 2–8.
Bal, C., Fleck, N. (2016): Connected Stadium: A pillar for football clubs’ marketing development? Making a Difference Through Marketing: A Quest for Diverse Perspectives, 43–58. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0464-3_4
Bale, J. (2000): The changing face of football: stadiums and communities. In: Garland, J., Malcolm, D. Rowe, M. (szerk.): The Future of Football: Challenges for the Twenty-First Century, Frank Cass, London. 91–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970008721251
Bale, J. (2003): Sports Geography. Routledge, Abingdon. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203478677
Balogh R.; Bácsné Bába É. (2020): A passzív sportfogyasztás komplex elemzése. Jelenkori társadalmi és gazdasági folyamatok, 15 (1-2): 37–52. https://doi.org/10.14232/jtgf.2020.1-2.37-52
Balogh R., Molnár A., Müller A., Szabados Gy. N., Bácsné Bába É. (2019): A passzív sportfogyasztás vizsgálatának tapasztalataiból. Acta Carolus Robertus, 2019. 9 (1): 35–48. https://doi.org/10.33032/acr.2019.9.1.35
Bartha É., Müller A., Bácsné Bába É. (2018): A fitnesz fogyasztók sportlétesítmény-választását befolyásoló legfőbb szempontok alakulása életkor szerint. Selye E-Studies, 9 (1): 4–12.
Bélissent, J. (2010): Getting clever about smart cities: New opportunities require new business models. Vendor Strategy Professionals.
Berry, J., Carson, D., Smyth, M. (2007): A Multi-purpose Sports Stadium: in-town versus out of town location. University of Ulster, Belfast.
Biscaia, R. (2015): Spectators’ experiences at the sport and entertainment facility: The key for increa-sing attendance over the season. Sport & Entertainment Review, 1 (2): 57–64.
Boda E., Bácsné Bába É., Müller A. (2018a): Motiváció vizsgálata a kalandparklátogátók körébén International Journal Of Engineering And Management Sciences, 3 (3): 106–126. https://doi.org/10.21791/IJEMS.2018.3.9.
Boda E., Bácsné Bába É., Szabados Gy., Müller A. (2018b): A hazai kalandparkok helye a sportszolgáltatások piacán, egyetemi hallgatók körében végzett kutatás tükrében. Studia Mundi–Economica, 5 (3): 34–45. https://doi.org/10.18531/Studia.Mundi.2018.05.03.34-45
Bodacz P. (2018): Már sport sincs informatika nélkül. <https://mno.hu/gazdasag/mar-sport-sincs-informatika-nelkul-1297192> (2023.01.10.)
Brochado, A., Brito, C., Bouchet, A., Oliveira, F. (2021): Dimensions of football stadium and museum tour experiences: The case of Europe’s most valuable brands. Sustainability, 13 (12): 6602. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13126602
Buckman, A. H., Mayfield, M., Beck, S. B. M. (2014): What is a smart building? Smart and sustainable built environment, 3 (2): 92–109. https://doi.org/10.1108/SASBE-01-2014-0003
Burke, M. I., Evans, R. J. (2009): Public transport access to proposed stadium sites. In: Proceedings of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies Vol. 7 (The 8th International Conference of Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, 2009). 245–245.
Butler, A. (2017): The future is now–How Virtual Reality will change the way you watch football forever.<https://www.dreamteamfc.com/c/news-gossip/225716/how-virtual-reality-will-change-the-way-you-watch-football-forever/> (2022.12.12.)
Chen Y. C., Lin Y. H., Chiu H. T. (2013): Development and psychometric evaluation of sport stadium atmosphere scale in spectator sport events. European Sport Management Quarterly, 13 (2): 200–215. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184742.2012.759602
Chikán A. (2008): Vállalatgazdaságtan. Aula Kiadó, Budapest.
Cieślikowski, K., Brusokas, A. (2017): Determinants of effective management in the sport with the use of large sport arenas in selected cities. European Journal of Service Management, 21: 5–10. https://doi.org/10.18276/ejsm.2017.21-01
Clemens M. D., Brush G. J., Collins M. J. (2011): Analysing the professional sport experience: A hierarchical approach. Sport Management Review, 14 (4): 370–388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2010.12.004
Cook, D. J., Das, S. K. (2007): How smart are our environments? An updated look at the state of the art. Pervasive and Mobile Computing, 3 (2): 53–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmcj.2006.12.001
Crawford, G. (2004): Consuming Sport: Fans, Sport and Culture. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship. 6 (2): 47–62. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSMS-06-02-2004-B007
Deloitte (2014): All to play for Football Money League. Manchester: Sports Business Group, Deloitte <https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/uk/Documents/sports-business-group/deloitte-uk-deloitte-football-money-league-2014.pdf> (2022.11.23.)
Den Heijer, A. C. (2011): Managing the university campus: information to support real estate decisions. Eburon Academic Publishers, Delft.
Dénes F. (2019): Sportgazdaságtan I.., Debreceni Egyetem, MSC nappali tagozat, powerpoint előadás anyaga.
Downward, P., Alistair, D. Trudo, D. (2010): Sports Economices Thory, Evidence and policy. Ruthledge, London.
Edensor, T., Millington, S., Steadman, C., Taecharungroj, V. (2021): Towards a comprehensive un-derstanding of football stadium tourism. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 25 (3): 217–235. https://doi.org/10.1080/14775085.2021.1884589
Európai Sport Charta (1992): Európai Sport Charta. <http://www.europatanacs.hu/pdf/CM_Rec(1992)13.pdf> (2022.11.30.)
Fang, L. (2022): The deployment of smart sharing stadium based on 5G and mobile edge computing. Wireless Networks, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-021-02855-0
Faragó B. (2017): A sportstratégia ágazat erősödése Magyarországon a 2011-2016-os időszakban. Tér-Gazdaság-Ember, 5: 94–109.
Fazekas A, Tamás L. (2015): A sportgazdaság és sportjog összefüggései. In: Ács P. (szerk.): Sport és Gazdaság. Pécsi Tudományegyetem, Pécs. 527–592.
Georgievska, S., Rutten, P., Amoraal, J., Ranguelova, E., Bakhshi, R., de Vries, B. L., Klous, S. (2019): Detecting high indoor crowd density with Wi-Fi localization: A statistical mechanics approach. Journal of Big Data, 6 (1): 31. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40537-019-0194-3
Gil-Garcia, J. R., Pardo, T. A., Nam, T. (2015): What makes a city smart? Identifying core components and proposing an integrative and comprehensive conceptualization. Information Polity, 20 (1): 61–87. https://doi.org/10.3233/IP-150354
Giorgio, P., Campbell, P. (2016): The stadium as a platform: A new model for integrating venue technology into sports business.
Giorgio, P., Deweese, C., Reichheld, A., Ebb, S. (2018): The Stadium Experience: Keeping sports fans engaged—and loyal.
Gősi Zs., Bukta Zs. (2020): A sport civil szervezetei, mint az elmúlt évtized nyertesei. Civil Szemle, 17 (2): 59–68.
Gyömörei T. (2015): Magán és közfinanszírozás a sportban. In: Ács P. (szerk).: Sport és Gazdaság. Pécsi Tudományegyetem Egészségtudományi Kar, Pécs. 94–153.
Heywood, C., Arkesteijn, M. H. (2017): Alignment and Theory in Corporate Real Estate Alignment Mo-dels. International Journal of Strategic Property Management, 21 (2): 144–158. https://doi.org/10.3846/1648715x.2016.1255274
Heywood, C., Arkesteijn, M. H. (2018): Analysing fourteen graphical representations of corporate real estate alignment models. Journal of Corporate Real Estate, 20 (1): 16–40. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCRE-02-2017-0005
Higham, J. (2005): Sport tourism as an attraction for managing seasonality. Sport in Society, 8 (2): 238–262. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430430500087419
Hill B., Green, C. (2000): Repeat Attendance as a Function of Involvement, Loyalty, and the Sportscape Across Three Football Contexts. Sport Management Review, 3 (2): 145–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1441-3523(00)70083-0
Hoffmann, I. (2007): Sport, marketing, szponzorálás. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest.
Höck, C., Ringle, M. C., Sarstedt, M. (2010): Management of multi-purpose stadiums: importance and performance measurement of service interfaces. International Journal of Services Technology and Management, 14 (2/3): 188–207. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSTM.2010.034327
Infosys (2018): Smart connected stadiums smart venues. Revolutionary experiences. <https://www.infosys.com/engineering-services/white-papers/documents/smart-connected-stadiums.pdf> (2022.11.30.)
Izadi, B. a. H. D. (2015): Investigating Factors Influencing Customers' Attitude Towards Attending Sporting Events Case Study: Shooshtar University Students. Journal of Sport Management and Motor Behavior.
Jandó Z. (2008): Kötött pálya? Létesítmény-elhelyezés a Forma-1-ben. OTDK dolgozat.
Juhász L., Pokorádi, L. (2017): A Dolgok Internete és a karbantartás közti kapcsolat napjainkban. Gradus, 5 (1): 99–106.
Kunkel, T.;,Doyle, J. P. (2017): Consumers’ Perceived Value of Sport Team Games–A multidimensional approach. Journal of Sport Management 31 (1): 1–41. https://doi.org/ 10.1123/jsm.2016-0044
Lee, S. S., Parrish, C., Kim, J. H. (2015): Sports stadiums as meeting and corporate/social event venues: A perspective from meeting/event planners and sport facility administrators. Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality & Tourism, 16 (2): 164–180. https://doi.org/10.1080/1528008X.2015.1013406
Levallet, N., O’Reilly, N., Wanless, E., Naraine, M., Alkon, E., Longmire, W. (2019): Enhancing the Fan Experience at Live Sporting Events: The Case of Stadium Wi-Fi. Case Studies in Sport Management, 8 (1): 6–12. https://doi.org/10.1123/cssm.2018-0015
Liberato, D., Liberato, P., Moreira, C. (2021): The role of sports tourism infrastructures and sports events in destinations competitiveness. In: Culture and Tourism in a Smart, Globalized, and Sustainable World: 7th International Conference of IACuDiT, Hydra, Greece, 127–144. Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72469-6_9
Mahdi, M. J., Aljuboori, A. F., Hussein, A. M. (2021): Smart stadium using cloud computing and Internet of Things (IoT): Existing and new models. International Journal of Computer Applications Technology and Research, 10 (5): 111–118. https://doi.org/10.7753/IJCATR1005.1002
Melander, B. A. (2016). Smart Stadiums: An Illustration of How the Internet of Things Is Revolutionizing the World. Ariz. St. U. Sports & Ent. LJ, 6, 349.
Mullin, B. J., Hardy, S., Sutton, W. A. (2007): Sport Marketing. (3rd ed.) Champaign: Human Kinetics.
Nelson, S. L. (2007): Sports Facilities: From Multipurpose Stadia to Mixed Use Developments. Paper presented at American Real Estate Society Conference, San Francisco.
Nemzeti Stadionfejlesztési Program: 1980/2013 (XII.29) Korm. határozat
O’Brolcháin, F., de Colle, S., Gordijn, B. (2019): The ethics of smart stadia: a stakeholder analysis of the Croke Park project. Science and engineering ethics, 25 (3): 737–769. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-018-0033-5
Palvarini, P., Tosi, S. (2013): Stadiums as studios: How the media shape space in the new Juventus Stadium. First Monday, 18 (11). https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v18i11.4959
Panchanathan, S., Chakraborty, S., McDaniel, T., Tadayon, R., Fakhri, B., O’Connor, N. E., Monaghan, D. (2017): Enriching the fan experience in a smart stadium using internet of things technologies. International Journal of Semantic Computing, 11 (2): 137–170. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1793351X17400062
Paramio, J. L., Buraimo, B., Campos, C. (2008): From modern to postmodern: the development of football stadia in Europe. Sport in Society, 11 (5): 517–534. https://doi.org/10.1080/17430430802196520
Porter, M. E., Heppelmann, J. E. (2014): How smart, connected products are transforming competition. Harvard Business Review, 92 (11): 64–88.
Ramos, R. F., Biscaia, R., Moro, S., Kunkel, T. (2022): Understanding the importance of sport stadium visits to teams and cities through the eyes of online reviewers. Leisure Studies, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/02614367.2022.2131888
Ráthonyi, G., Bácsné, Bába É., Müller, A., Ráthonyi-Ódor, K. (2018): How digital technologies are chang-ing sport? APSTRACT–Applied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce 13 (3-4): 89–96. https://doi.org/10.19041/APSTRACT/2018/3-4/10
Ráthony, G., Bácsné Bába É., Müller A., Ráthonyi-Ódor K. (2019): IT megoldások a szurkolói élmény fokozásában. In: Balogh, L. (szerk.): Sokoldalú sporttudomány. Debrecen, Magyarország: Debreceni Egyetem Sporttudományi Koordinációs Intézet. 98–107.
Ráthonyi-Ódor K., Ráthonyi G. (2016): Környezetvédelmi kihívások a sportban. Journal of Central European Green Innovation, 4 (1063-2016-86276): 103–119.
Ráthonyi-Ódor K., Ráthonyi G. (2020): Egyes UEFA 4-es kategóriájú labdarúgó-stadionok környezetvédelmi törekvései. Acta Carolus Robertus, 10 (2): 137–155. https://doi.org/10.33032/acr.2482
Real, M. (2012): Theorizing the sports–television dream marriage: Why sports fit television so well. In: Real, M. (szerk.): Sports Media, Routledge. 19–39.
Rechnitzer J. (2016): A területi tőke a városfejlődésben. A Győr kód. Dialóg Campus, Budapest–Pécs.
Richards, J., Spanjaard, D., O’Shea, M., Garlin, F. (2022): The changing carnival: reimagining and recreating the match-day experience in multi-purpose stadiums. Journal of Sport & Tourism, 26 (3): 269–284. https://doi.org/10.1080/14775085.2022.2086161
Santo, C. (2005): The economic impact of sport stadiums: recasting the analysis in context. Journal of Urban Affairs, 27 (2): 177–191. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0735-2166.2005.00231.x
Sartori, A. (2011): European Stadium insight. Sports Advisory Practice. <http://epiteszforum.hu/uploads/files/2011/12/eu-stadium-insight-2011-web-oct-2011.pdf> (2023.01.13.)
Sheard, R. (2005): The Stadium: Architecture for the New Global Culture. Periplus, Sydney.
Siebold, M., Klingmüller, A. (2004): Sports facility financing and development trends in Europe and Germany 2003. Marquette Sports Law Review, 15 (1): 75–91.
Siegfried, J., Zimbalist, A. (2000): The economics of sports facilities and their communities. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 14 (3): 95–114. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.14.3.95
Ślusarczyk, B. (2018): Industry 4.0: are we ready? Polish Journal of Management Studies, 17. https://doi.org/10.17512/pjms.2018.17.1.19
Spirou, C., Bennett, L. (2003): It's Hardly Sportin': stadiums, neighborhoods, and the new Chicago. Northern Illinois University Press, De-Kalb.
Sportlétesítmény-fejlesztési stratégia: 1921/2013.(XII.11.) Korm. határozat
Stevens, T., Williams, C. (2001): Stadia and tourism-related facilities. Travel & Tourism Analyst 2: 59–73.
Stocker M., Szabó T. (2017): A hazai sportirányítás szerepe és tevékenysége a kiemelt hazai sportese-mények esetében. In: A Sportirányítás gazdasági kérdései–2017, Magyar Sporttudományi Füzetek XVI. Magyar Sporttudományi Társaság, Budapest. 56–77.
Summerville, A. (2020): Reshaping the stadium of the future. Australasian Leisure Management, 139.
Szabó M. (2013): Létesítmény-elhelyezési kérdések a labdarúgásban. MA/MSc szakdolgozat, BCE Gazdálkodástudományi Kar, Logisztika és Ellátási Lánc Menedzsment Tanszék.
Trappey, A. J. C., Trappey, C. V., Govindarajan, U. H., Chuang, A. C., Sun, J. J. (2017): A review of essential standards and patent landscapes for the Internet of Things: A key enabler for Industry 4.0. Advanced Engineering Informatics, 33: 208–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aei.2016.11.007
Uhrich S., Koenigstorfer J. (2009): Effects of atmosphere at major sports events: a perspective from environmental psychology. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 10 (4): 56–75. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSMS-10-04-2009-B005
Uhrich, S. (2022): Sport spectator adoption of technological innovations: a behavioral reasoning analy-sis of fan experience apps. Sport Management Review, 25 (2): 275–299. https://doi.org/10.1080/14413523.2021.1935577
Valks, B., Arkesteijn, M. H., Den Heijer, A. C., Vande Putte, H. J. M. (2018a): Smart campus tools. Adding value to university goals by measuring real-time space use. Journal of Corporate Real Estate, 20 (2): 103–116. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCRE-03-2017-0006
Valks, B., Arkesteijn, M. H., Den Heijer, A., Vande Putte, H. J. M. (2016): Smart campus tools.
Valks, B., Arkesteijn, M., den Heijer, A. (2018b): Smart campus tools 2.0: An international comparison. Delft University of Technology.
van Heck, S. G. J., Valks, B., den Heijer, A. C. (2021): The added value of smart stadiums: A case study at Johan Cruijff Arena. Journal of Corporate Real Estate, 23 (2): 130–148. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCRE-09-2020-0033
Voss, C. (2004): Trends in the Experience and Service Economy, The Experience Profit Cycle. London Business School, London.
Wakefield, K. L., Blodgett, J. G., Sloan, H. J. (1996): Measurement and management of the sportscape. Journal of Sport Management, 10 (1): 15–31. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.10.1.15
Whannel, G. (1992): Fields in vision: television sport and cultural transformation. Routledge, London.
Wong, J. K. W., Li, H., Wang, S. W. (2005): Intelligent building research: a review. Automation in Construction, 14 (2005): 143–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2004.06.001
Yang, C., Cole, C. L. (2022): Smart stadium as a laboratory of innovation: Technology, sport, and data-fied normalization of the fans. Communication & Sport, 10 (2): 374–389. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167479520943579
Yoshida M., James J.D., Cronic J.J. (2013): Sport Event Innovativeness: Conceptualization, Measure-ment, and Its Impact on Consumer Behavior. Sport Management Review, 16 (1): 68–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2012.03.003
Zimbalist, A. (1998): The economics of stadiums, teams and cities. Policy Studies Review, 15 (1): 17–29. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-1338.1998.tb00750.x