We do not learn for school but for life Or the relationship between psychological capital and entrepreneurial competence
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Published:
Nov 2, 2020
Keywords:
psychological capital, entrepreneurial competence, school performance, high-school students
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Abstract
The concept of psychological capital has a central role in both positive psychology and economics, and can be defined as follows: “the state of positive psychological development of an individual, which builds on the following elements: self-efficacy, optimism, hope and resilience” (Nagy, 2017). Similarly, entrepreneurial competence is also associated with human capital, and is one of the eight key competences required for lifelong learning as defined by the European Union. Both factors are at play in the individual’s performance at school and work, satisfaction and in the pursuit of a happier life. Our research aims to present the role of psychological capital and entrepreneurial competence in the labour market and education, as well as the relationship between psychological capital, entrepreneurial competence and school performance.
The survey was conducted with the participation of 342 students from grammar school, economic high school or other high schools. A questionnaire was used in the survey, including multiple subparts: questions on performance, General Self-efficacy Scale, Life Orientation Test, Hope Scale, Brief Resilience Scale, Entrepreneurial competence questionnaire and test on financial knowledge. Our research found a significant positive correlation between psychological capital, entrepreneurial competence and school performance. Our cluster analysis revealed 3 separate groups with completely different psychological capital profiles. By using the SEM model, we managed to identify self-efficacy, flexibility and the combination of hope and motivation as the direct sources of entrepreneurial competence.
It can be concluded that individuals possessing a higher level of psychological capital have higher entrepreneurial competence and better school achievement. In our view, public education should – by embracing the approach of positive psychology – take a prominent role in teaching students how to recognise and enrich their personal competences, whereby their performance and well-being can also be improved.
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Hornyák, A., & Fodor, S. (2020). We do not learn for school but for life : Or the relationship between psychological capital and entrepreneurial competence . Iskolakultúra, 30(11), 70–94. Retrieved from https://ojs.bibl.u-szeged.hu/index.php/iskolakultura/article/view/33985
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References
Achor S. (2015). A boldogság mint versenyelőny. Budapest: HVG Kiadó Zrt.
Albuquerque, A. F., Filho, E. E., Nagano, M. S., & Junior, L. A. P. (2016). A change in the importance of mortality factors throughout the life cycle stages of small businesses. Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research, 6(1), 8. https://doi.org/10. 1186/s40497-016-0051-1.
Avey, J.B., Luthans, F. & Jensen, S.M. (2009). Psychological capital: A positive resource for combating employee stress and turnover. Human Resource Management, 48(5), 677-693.
Baluku, M. M., Kikooma, J. F., & Kibanja, G. M. (2016). Psychological capital and the startup capital – Entrepreneurial success relationship. Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, 28(1), 27–54. https://doi.org/10.1080/08276331.2015.1132512.
Baluku, M.M., Kikooma, J.F., Bantu, E. & Otto, K. (2018). Psychological capital and entrepreneurial outcomes: the moderating role of social competences of owners of microenterprises in East Africa. Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research 8:26 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40497-018-0113-7.
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: the exercise of control. Choice Reviews Online (Vol. 35). Worth Publishers. https://doi.org/10. 5860/CHOICE.35-1826.
Bandura, A. (1998). Personal and collective efficacy in human adaptation and change. In: Adair, J. G., Belanger, D., Dion, K. L.: Advances in Psychological Science, Vol. 1: Personal, Social and Cultural Aspects. Hove, UK: Psychology Press. 51–71.
Baron, R. A., Franklin, R. J., & Hmieleski, K. M. (2016). Why entrepreneurs often experience low, not high, levels of stress: The joint effects of selection and psychological capital. Journal of Management, 42(3), 742–768. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 0149206313495411.
Bogáth Ágnes (2012). A vállalkozói attitűd szerepe a vállalkozásfejlesztésben Vállalkozásfejlesztés a XXI. században, Budapest.
Chen, S., Joardar, A., & Wu, S. (2017). Emerging differently: An examination of entrepreneurial optimism in emerging economies. International Journal of Business and Emerging Markets, 9(4), 354. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJBEM.2017.087818.
Csíkszentmihályi Mihály (2018). A jó üzlet. Budapest: Libri Kiadó.
Dweck, C. (2015). Szemléletváltás: a siker új pszichológiája. Budapest: HVG Kiadó Zrt.
Fenghua, X., Haibei, L., & Le, Q. (2013). Research on the Relation between College Students’ Psychological Capital, Entrepreneurial Intention and Entrepreneurial Ability – Based on the empirical analysis of the Chinese college students. Journal of Convergence Information Technology, 8(11), 229-237.
Fodor Szilvia & Molnár Adrienn (2020). Karaktererősségek az iskolában. Fogalmak, jellemzők és a fejlesztésre irányuló intervenciók. Iskolakultúra 30 (4-5), 20-39.
Ghani, M., Ziae, B., & Mobaraki, M. H. (2013). Comparative study of students’s psychological capital who have entrepreneurial education and have not entrepreneurial education case (Teheran University of Entrepreneurship and Mechanics): BEST: International Journal of Management, Information Technology and Engineering, 1(1), 43-49.
Heitlerné Lehoczky Mária (2017). A pszichológiai tőke differenciáló szerepe a munkaerőpiacon. In: Torgyik J. (szerk.) Válogatott tanulmányok a társadalomtudományok köréből, International Research Institute, Komárno. 172-180.
Heitlerné Lehoczky Mária (2018). Pszichológiai tőke – a munkavállalói személyiségben rejlő pszichológiai erőforrások In: Csiszárik-Kocsir Á., Garai-Fodor M. (szerk.) Vállalkozásfejlesztés a XXI. században VIII/1. Integrált vállalkozásfejlesztés Óbudai Egyetem, Keleti Károly Gazdasági Kar, Budapest. 93-105.
Hmieleski, K. M., & Corbett, A. C. (2008). The contrasting interaction effects of improvisational behavior with entrepreneurial self-efficacy on new venture performance and entrepreneur work satisfaction. Journal of Business Venturing, 23(4), 482-496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2007.04.002.
Hmieleski, K., & Baron, R. (2009). Entrepreneurs’ optimism and new venture performance: A social cognitive perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 52(3), 473-488. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMJ.2009.41330755.
Jafri, H. M. (2013). A study of the relationship of psychological capital and students’ performance. Business Perspectives and Research, 1(2), 9-16.
Judge, T. A., Bono, J. E. (2001). Relationship of Core Self-Evaluations Traits - Self-Esteem, Generalized Self-Efficacy, Locus of Control, and Emotional Stability - With Job Satisfaction and Job Performance: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology 86(1):80-92
Junior Achievement Magyarország (2017): Vállalkozási ismeretek pedagógusok részére. 8. Vállalkozói kompetencia. http://ejam.hu/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/8_V%C3%81LLALKOZ%C3%93I-KOMPETENCIA.pdf
Kaszás Borbála (2014). Pszichológiai tőke a felsőoktatásban. Szakdolgozat, Budapesti Gazdasági Főiskola, Budapest.
Keller Tamás Péter (2009). Nemcsak a tudás számít – a pszichológiai tőke szerepe a kereseti egyenlőtlenségek magyarázatában. PhD értekezés, Budapesti Corvinus Egyetem, Budapest.
Kim, M., Perrewé, P. L., Kim, Y. K., & Kim, A. C. H. (2017). Psychological capital in sport organizations: Hope, efficacy, resilience, and optimism among employees in sport (HEROES). European Sport Management Quarterly, 17(5), 659-680. https://doi. org/10.1080/16184742.2017.1344284.
Luthans, F., & Avolio, B. J. (2003). Authentic leadership: A positive developmental approach, in: Cameron K. S. – Dutton J. E. – Quinn R. E.: Positive organizational scholarship, Barrett-Koehler, San Francisco. 241-261.
Luthans, F., Luthans, K. W., & Luthans, B. C. (2004). Positive psychological capital: Beyond human and social capital. Business Horizons, 47(1), 45–50.
Luthans, F., Avey, J.B., Avolio, B. J., Norman, S.M., & Combs, G.M. (2006). Psychological capital development: Toward a micro-intervention. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27(3), 387-393.
Luthans, F., Avolio, B.J., Avey, J. B., & Norman, S.M. (2007a). Positive Psychological Capital: Measurement and Relationship with Performance and Satisfaction. Personnel Psychology, 60(3), 541-572.
Luthans, F., Youssef, C.M. & Avolio, B. J. (2007b). Psychological capital: Developing the human competitive edge, Oxford University, New York.
Luthans, F., Avey, J. B., & Patera, J. L. (2008). Experimental analysis of a web-based training intervention to develop positive psychological capital. Academy of Management Learning and Education, 7(2), 209–221. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMLE.2008. 32712618.
Luthans, F. (2012). Psychological capital: Implications for HRD, retrospective analysis, and future directions. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 23(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.21119.
McKinsey Company (2013). Education to employment: Designing a system that works. https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/industries/social%20sector/our%20insights/education%20to%20employment%20designing%20a%20system%20that%20works/education%20to%20employment%20designing%20a%20system%20that%20works.pdf
Nagy Péter (2017). Pszichológiai tőke: Az emberi kiválóság fejlesztése. Alkalmazott Pszichológia, 17(3). 113 -115.
Pryce-Jones, J. (2010): Happiness at work, Maximizing your psychological capital. Wiley.
Repisky Máté (2015). Vállalkozó személyiségjegyek és a vállalkozók megítélése három csoport szemszögéből http://eco.u-szeged.hu/otdk-osszefoglalok/vallalkozoi-szemelyisegjegyek
Scheier, M. F. & Carver, C. S. & Bridges, M. W. (1994): Distinguishing optimism from neuroticism (and trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem): A re-evaluation of the Life Orientation Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 1063–1078.
Schwarzer, R. & Jerusalem, M. (1995): Generalized self-efficacy scale. In: Weinman, J., Wright, S., Johnsto, M. : Measures in health psychology: A user’s portfolio. Causal and control beliefs. Windsor: NFER-Nelson. 35–37.
Sebora, T.C. & Tantiukoskula, S. (2010). Psychological Capital and the Entrepreneurial Intention of College Students. In: Papanikos, G. T. (szerk.) International Developments in Management Research. Athens Institute for Education and Research, Athén, 199-220.
Seligman, M. E. P. (2011). Flourish – élj boldogan. A boldogság és a jól-lét radikálisan új értelmezése. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó.
S. Gubik Andrea & Farkas Szilveszter (2013). Vállalkozói attitűdök kutatása egyetemi-főiskolai hallgatók körében, Vezetéstudomány XLIV. évf. 7- 8, 5-17.
S. Gubik Andrea & Farkas Szilveszter, Kása Richárd (2018). A tervezett magatartás elméletének alkalmazása a vállakozói hajlandóság alakulásának magyarázatára Közgazdasági Szemle, LXV. évf., január. 74-101.
Smith, B. W. & Dalen, J. & Wiggins, K. & Tooley, E. & Christopher, P. & Bernard, J. (2008): The brief resilience scale: assessing the ability to bounce back. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 15, 194–200.
Snyder, C. R. & Harris, C. & Anderson, J. R. & Holleran, S. A. & Irving, L. M. & Sigmon, S. T. (1991): The will and the ways: Development and validation of an individual differences measure of hope. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 570–585.
Stagman-Tyrer, D. (2014). Resiliency and the nurse leader: The importance of equanimity, optimism, and perseverance. Nursing Management, 45(6), 46-50. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NUMA.0000449763.99370.7f.
Stajkovic, A.D. & Luthans, F. (1998). Social cognitive theory and self-efficacy: Going beyond traditional motivational and behavioral approaches, Organizational Dynamics, 26(4), 62-74.
Storey, D. J. (2011). Optimism and chance: The elephants in the entrepreneurship room. International Small Business Journal, 29(4), 303-321. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242611403871.
Szabó Renáta Krisztina & Fodor Szilvia (2020). A pszichológiai tőke fogalma, jelentősége és fejlesztési lehetőségei az iskolában. Iskolakultúra
Szakács Ferenc & Bánfalvi Mária (2010). A vállalkozói készségek fejlesztése. Mi is a kompetencia? XXI. Század – Tudományos Közlemények 24,7-30.
Takács Dávid (2005). A pénz (nem) boldogít (?) Közgazdasági Szemle, LII. évf., szeptember 683-697.
Trevelyan, R. (2008). Optimism, overconfidence and entrepreneurial activity. Management Decision, 46(7), 986-1001. https:// doi.org/10.1108/00251740810890177.
Zachár László (2009). Mindig van választás. Az Európai Unió kulcskompetenciái. Hallgatói Jegyzet. Székesfehérvár: Perfekt Kiadó.
Walumba, F.O., Peterson, S.J., Avolio, B.K.J. & Hartnell, C.A. (2010). An investigation of the relationship among leader and follower psychological capital, service climate and job performance Personnel Psychology, 63(4), 937-963.
Albuquerque, A. F., Filho, E. E., Nagano, M. S., & Junior, L. A. P. (2016). A change in the importance of mortality factors throughout the life cycle stages of small businesses. Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research, 6(1), 8. https://doi.org/10. 1186/s40497-016-0051-1.
Avey, J.B., Luthans, F. & Jensen, S.M. (2009). Psychological capital: A positive resource for combating employee stress and turnover. Human Resource Management, 48(5), 677-693.
Baluku, M. M., Kikooma, J. F., & Kibanja, G. M. (2016). Psychological capital and the startup capital – Entrepreneurial success relationship. Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, 28(1), 27–54. https://doi.org/10.1080/08276331.2015.1132512.
Baluku, M.M., Kikooma, J.F., Bantu, E. & Otto, K. (2018). Psychological capital and entrepreneurial outcomes: the moderating role of social competences of owners of microenterprises in East Africa. Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research 8:26 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40497-018-0113-7.
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: the exercise of control. Choice Reviews Online (Vol. 35). Worth Publishers. https://doi.org/10. 5860/CHOICE.35-1826.
Bandura, A. (1998). Personal and collective efficacy in human adaptation and change. In: Adair, J. G., Belanger, D., Dion, K. L.: Advances in Psychological Science, Vol. 1: Personal, Social and Cultural Aspects. Hove, UK: Psychology Press. 51–71.
Baron, R. A., Franklin, R. J., & Hmieleski, K. M. (2016). Why entrepreneurs often experience low, not high, levels of stress: The joint effects of selection and psychological capital. Journal of Management, 42(3), 742–768. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 0149206313495411.
Bogáth Ágnes (2012). A vállalkozói attitűd szerepe a vállalkozásfejlesztésben Vállalkozásfejlesztés a XXI. században, Budapest.
Chen, S., Joardar, A., & Wu, S. (2017). Emerging differently: An examination of entrepreneurial optimism in emerging economies. International Journal of Business and Emerging Markets, 9(4), 354. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJBEM.2017.087818.
Csíkszentmihályi Mihály (2018). A jó üzlet. Budapest: Libri Kiadó.
Dweck, C. (2015). Szemléletváltás: a siker új pszichológiája. Budapest: HVG Kiadó Zrt.
Fenghua, X., Haibei, L., & Le, Q. (2013). Research on the Relation between College Students’ Psychological Capital, Entrepreneurial Intention and Entrepreneurial Ability – Based on the empirical analysis of the Chinese college students. Journal of Convergence Information Technology, 8(11), 229-237.
Fodor Szilvia & Molnár Adrienn (2020). Karaktererősségek az iskolában. Fogalmak, jellemzők és a fejlesztésre irányuló intervenciók. Iskolakultúra 30 (4-5), 20-39.
Ghani, M., Ziae, B., & Mobaraki, M. H. (2013). Comparative study of students’s psychological capital who have entrepreneurial education and have not entrepreneurial education case (Teheran University of Entrepreneurship and Mechanics): BEST: International Journal of Management, Information Technology and Engineering, 1(1), 43-49.
Heitlerné Lehoczky Mária (2017). A pszichológiai tőke differenciáló szerepe a munkaerőpiacon. In: Torgyik J. (szerk.) Válogatott tanulmányok a társadalomtudományok köréből, International Research Institute, Komárno. 172-180.
Heitlerné Lehoczky Mária (2018). Pszichológiai tőke – a munkavállalói személyiségben rejlő pszichológiai erőforrások In: Csiszárik-Kocsir Á., Garai-Fodor M. (szerk.) Vállalkozásfejlesztés a XXI. században VIII/1. Integrált vállalkozásfejlesztés Óbudai Egyetem, Keleti Károly Gazdasági Kar, Budapest. 93-105.
Hmieleski, K. M., & Corbett, A. C. (2008). The contrasting interaction effects of improvisational behavior with entrepreneurial self-efficacy on new venture performance and entrepreneur work satisfaction. Journal of Business Venturing, 23(4), 482-496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2007.04.002.
Hmieleski, K., & Baron, R. (2009). Entrepreneurs’ optimism and new venture performance: A social cognitive perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 52(3), 473-488. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMJ.2009.41330755.
Jafri, H. M. (2013). A study of the relationship of psychological capital and students’ performance. Business Perspectives and Research, 1(2), 9-16.
Judge, T. A., Bono, J. E. (2001). Relationship of Core Self-Evaluations Traits - Self-Esteem, Generalized Self-Efficacy, Locus of Control, and Emotional Stability - With Job Satisfaction and Job Performance: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology 86(1):80-92
Junior Achievement Magyarország (2017): Vállalkozási ismeretek pedagógusok részére. 8. Vállalkozói kompetencia. http://ejam.hu/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/8_V%C3%81LLALKOZ%C3%93I-KOMPETENCIA.pdf
Kaszás Borbála (2014). Pszichológiai tőke a felsőoktatásban. Szakdolgozat, Budapesti Gazdasági Főiskola, Budapest.
Keller Tamás Péter (2009). Nemcsak a tudás számít – a pszichológiai tőke szerepe a kereseti egyenlőtlenségek magyarázatában. PhD értekezés, Budapesti Corvinus Egyetem, Budapest.
Kim, M., Perrewé, P. L., Kim, Y. K., & Kim, A. C. H. (2017). Psychological capital in sport organizations: Hope, efficacy, resilience, and optimism among employees in sport (HEROES). European Sport Management Quarterly, 17(5), 659-680. https://doi. org/10.1080/16184742.2017.1344284.
Luthans, F., & Avolio, B. J. (2003). Authentic leadership: A positive developmental approach, in: Cameron K. S. – Dutton J. E. – Quinn R. E.: Positive organizational scholarship, Barrett-Koehler, San Francisco. 241-261.
Luthans, F., Luthans, K. W., & Luthans, B. C. (2004). Positive psychological capital: Beyond human and social capital. Business Horizons, 47(1), 45–50.
Luthans, F., Avey, J.B., Avolio, B. J., Norman, S.M., & Combs, G.M. (2006). Psychological capital development: Toward a micro-intervention. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27(3), 387-393.
Luthans, F., Avolio, B.J., Avey, J. B., & Norman, S.M. (2007a). Positive Psychological Capital: Measurement and Relationship with Performance and Satisfaction. Personnel Psychology, 60(3), 541-572.
Luthans, F., Youssef, C.M. & Avolio, B. J. (2007b). Psychological capital: Developing the human competitive edge, Oxford University, New York.
Luthans, F., Avey, J. B., & Patera, J. L. (2008). Experimental analysis of a web-based training intervention to develop positive psychological capital. Academy of Management Learning and Education, 7(2), 209–221. https://doi.org/10.5465/AMLE.2008. 32712618.
Luthans, F. (2012). Psychological capital: Implications for HRD, retrospective analysis, and future directions. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 23(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.21119.
McKinsey Company (2013). Education to employment: Designing a system that works. https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/industries/social%20sector/our%20insights/education%20to%20employment%20designing%20a%20system%20that%20works/education%20to%20employment%20designing%20a%20system%20that%20works.pdf
Nagy Péter (2017). Pszichológiai tőke: Az emberi kiválóság fejlesztése. Alkalmazott Pszichológia, 17(3). 113 -115.
Pryce-Jones, J. (2010): Happiness at work, Maximizing your psychological capital. Wiley.
Repisky Máté (2015). Vállalkozó személyiségjegyek és a vállalkozók megítélése három csoport szemszögéből http://eco.u-szeged.hu/otdk-osszefoglalok/vallalkozoi-szemelyisegjegyek
Scheier, M. F. & Carver, C. S. & Bridges, M. W. (1994): Distinguishing optimism from neuroticism (and trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem): A re-evaluation of the Life Orientation Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 1063–1078.
Schwarzer, R. & Jerusalem, M. (1995): Generalized self-efficacy scale. In: Weinman, J., Wright, S., Johnsto, M. : Measures in health psychology: A user’s portfolio. Causal and control beliefs. Windsor: NFER-Nelson. 35–37.
Sebora, T.C. & Tantiukoskula, S. (2010). Psychological Capital and the Entrepreneurial Intention of College Students. In: Papanikos, G. T. (szerk.) International Developments in Management Research. Athens Institute for Education and Research, Athén, 199-220.
Seligman, M. E. P. (2011). Flourish – élj boldogan. A boldogság és a jól-lét radikálisan új értelmezése. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó.
S. Gubik Andrea & Farkas Szilveszter (2013). Vállalkozói attitűdök kutatása egyetemi-főiskolai hallgatók körében, Vezetéstudomány XLIV. évf. 7- 8, 5-17.
S. Gubik Andrea & Farkas Szilveszter, Kása Richárd (2018). A tervezett magatartás elméletének alkalmazása a vállakozói hajlandóság alakulásának magyarázatára Közgazdasági Szemle, LXV. évf., január. 74-101.
Smith, B. W. & Dalen, J. & Wiggins, K. & Tooley, E. & Christopher, P. & Bernard, J. (2008): The brief resilience scale: assessing the ability to bounce back. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 15, 194–200.
Snyder, C. R. & Harris, C. & Anderson, J. R. & Holleran, S. A. & Irving, L. M. & Sigmon, S. T. (1991): The will and the ways: Development and validation of an individual differences measure of hope. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 570–585.
Stagman-Tyrer, D. (2014). Resiliency and the nurse leader: The importance of equanimity, optimism, and perseverance. Nursing Management, 45(6), 46-50. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.NUMA.0000449763.99370.7f.
Stajkovic, A.D. & Luthans, F. (1998). Social cognitive theory and self-efficacy: Going beyond traditional motivational and behavioral approaches, Organizational Dynamics, 26(4), 62-74.
Storey, D. J. (2011). Optimism and chance: The elephants in the entrepreneurship room. International Small Business Journal, 29(4), 303-321. https://doi.org/10.1177/0266242611403871.
Szabó Renáta Krisztina & Fodor Szilvia (2020). A pszichológiai tőke fogalma, jelentősége és fejlesztési lehetőségei az iskolában. Iskolakultúra
Szakács Ferenc & Bánfalvi Mária (2010). A vállalkozói készségek fejlesztése. Mi is a kompetencia? XXI. Század – Tudományos Közlemények 24,7-30.
Takács Dávid (2005). A pénz (nem) boldogít (?) Közgazdasági Szemle, LII. évf., szeptember 683-697.
Trevelyan, R. (2008). Optimism, overconfidence and entrepreneurial activity. Management Decision, 46(7), 986-1001. https:// doi.org/10.1108/00251740810890177.
Zachár László (2009). Mindig van választás. Az Európai Unió kulcskompetenciái. Hallgatói Jegyzet. Székesfehérvár: Perfekt Kiadó.
Walumba, F.O., Peterson, S.J., Avolio, B.K.J. & Hartnell, C.A. (2010). An investigation of the relationship among leader and follower psychological capital, service climate and job performance Personnel Psychology, 63(4), 937-963.